Saturday, August 31, 2019

The Global South Water Crisis Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is humankind ‘s most basic necessity. Approximately one in eight people are without entree to clean, safe imbibing H2O ( JMP 2008:56 ) . The H2O crisis of the planetary South — Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu in peculiar — is a complex, locally defined and combative issue ; debates about whether H2O is a public human right or a in private owned consumer trade good are taking precedence in development discourse on the international phase. Built-in to this issue is a historic power relationship between the West — Europe, Canada and the US — and these aforementioned planetary South states in which the former has tended to profit at the latter ‘s disbursal. Yet the inquiry of bureau still remains: who has non merely the power, but the willingness to ordain alteration? Many Canadians have a minimum consciousness of the perpetuating H2O crisis, yet it is a common misconception that a solution lies non in the custodies of single agents, but national leaders. Until late, I held similar beliefs. While analyzing the quality of assorted H2O beginnings with a local concern, I realized that much of our society is to the full reliant on bottled H2O and that, most significantly, the sum of money spent on the added convenience could be used to assist extenuate the annihilating effects of this H2O deficit. First, this paper examines the current conditions of the crisis by detecting Nigeria, India and China. To be clear, H2O â€Å" crisis † refers to a deficiency of handiness, an inadequate or non-existent public supply web, and taint, all lending to a deficit of safe imbibing H2O. Furthermore, after analysing the ignored potency for Western multinational corporations ( TNCs ) to relieve the state of affairs in Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu, and so rese arching the extent of H2O ingestion in the West, it becomes apparent that there is an chance for Canadians to lend to a solution. Before foregrounding this single bureau, it is necessary to get down by depicting some of the current conditions inherent to the H2O crisis. Although conditions vary and each instance in itself can non supply a entire representation, the illustration of Lagos, Nigeria demonstrates colonial and political hindrances ; Imphal, India reveals the troubles of supply and intervention ; and China provides penetration into the effects of pollution. First, the metropolis of Lagos — although the largest in sub-Saharan Africa — is plagued by a low quality of life and an unequal supply of H2O services despite economic growing ( Gandy 2006:371-72 ) . Sections of the deteriorating substructure, such as the absence of a working public sewage web, are chief subscribers to this issue of H2O handiness ( ibid:372 ) . Although non the lone cause, it can be traced in portion to a colonial history. As a prevailing trade Centre in West Africa, European presence left a permanent impact vis-a-vis a contrast in life criterions between colonial elites and the African bulk in Lagos who were non even considered portion of â€Å" the populace † ( ibid:375, 377 ) . British decision makers neglected the malignant urban conditions by concentrating on bettering affluent countries alternatively, proposing that these issues resulted from public upset instead than a deficiency of accountable policy enterprises ( ibid:375-76 ) . Such in equality was heightened in 1949 when colonial leaders responded to increased H2O deficits with limitations on the African population, forestalling them from rinsing and other everyday activities ( ibid:377 ) . Finally, merely 10 per centum of homes were left with direct entree to the municipal H2O system ( ibid:378 ) . Most devastating of all were the power structures set in topographic point by colonial swayers, which over clip have come to bring forth the bequest of a weak African province ( Gandy 2006:372 ) . With a high degree of national debt, local capacity to change by reversal the paralyzing effects of the H2O deficit are limited ( Biswas 2005:234 ) . Despite being the top industrial Centre of Nigeria after independency, the crisis was so permeant that it forced local industries to pass 20 per centum of their capital on buying their ain H2O ( Gandy 2006:381 ) . A current bastard and independent authorities unable to react to the demand for investing, coupled with disabling economic and cultural hindrances inherited from a dark colonial yesteryear, has been one of many subscribers supplying the evidences for the H2O crisis to go a powerful force. The fact that reconstituting this post-colonial system in locations like Lagos has non succeeded, unluckily, is partially due to an academic discou rse which lacks critical penetration into the nature of current conditions in Africa and beyond ( ibid:372 ) . Second, the state of affairs in Imphal, India provides an first-class presentation of jobs associated with H2O supply and intervention. Although moderate-sized metropoliss like Imphal are frequently ignored in current literature on the crisis, the atrociousnesss are merely as important ( Anthony 2007:224 ) . Harmonizing to the World Bank, scarce supplies and unjust monetary values have remained unchanged over the past three decennaries ( ibid ) . Of the legion substructure jobs confronting developing states, a deficiency of safe imbibing H2O is the hardest to decide ( ibid:223 ) . In a study conducted in Imphal, 50 per centum of families â€Å" spent more than a fifth of their income on H2O † ( ibid:229 ) . As supported by the aforesaid instance of Lagos, elites frequently have personal inducement in keep backing such a necessity ( ibid:224 ) . To supply a little cross-section of the fortunes, the beginnings, quality and handiness of H2O in Imphal will be considered. Refering the assorted beginnings of H2O that locals rely on where the public web is deficient, those with private connexions merely have entree for no more than three hours each twenty-four hours with unequal commissariats for storage, and those trusting on private or neighbourhood pools face dry seasons that greatly affect their supply ( Anthony 2007:228 ) . Water intervention workss lack the equipment to efficaciously supervise the quality of H2O, and since storage armored combat vehicles are non protected, taint is a major reverse ( ibid:234 ) . Both pool and piped H2O beginnings — although piped H2O is â€Å" treated † ab initio — normally have to be filtered by families to guarantee imbibing quality ( ibid:230 ) . The handiness of H2O, particularly refering the piped H2O system, is dependent on the location and income of families, although merely half of those designed to have entree do ( ibid ) . Third, to supply another illustration, China represents the dangers of pollution. Seventy per centum of river H2O in China is undrinkable as a consequence of taint from industrial waste, sewerage and agricultural chemicals ( Wu 2006:35 ) . The longest river in China, the Yangtze, is merely 28 per centum beverage, cutting through the most thickly settled countries and transporting waste H2O along with it ( ibid ) . At the present rate, harmonizing to Robin Clarke of World Climate News, an tremendous impact will be felt in the signifier of both nutrient deficits and a damaged universe ecology ( Coles 2005:14 ) . With astonishing effects, there is no denying the extent of the job ; nevertheless, the existent issue that needs to be addressed is the demand for a solution — investing. Now that some of the H2O crisis ‘ conditions have been identified, it is important to discourse the combative procedure of declaration. Although there are many prospective responses, including revamping dysfunctional political and economic constructions, one of the most common is that of investing. To do sense of the manner in which development organisations and Western histrions have participated, the influence of TNCs will be discussed, followed by specific surveies from Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu. First, one must understand the connexion between the discourse on H2O denationalization in the alleged development universe and the function of TNCs. In 1992, the Dublin Conference on Water and Environment provoked a monumental alteration in the definition of H2O, labelling it foremost and foremost an economic good, while keeping that it was a human right ( Robbins 2003:1076-77 ) . With many developing provinces being unable to supply the substructure necessary for providing equal H2O and disregarding its economic value, the international development community deemed their actions both a failure and the cause of the crisis, governing that the World Bank, every bit good as other development bureaus, would alternatively go responsible for pull offing H2O as a private trade good ( ibid:1074, 1076 ) . Their primary agents, so, would be TNCs. Harmonizing to both the World Bank and former UN Commission on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) Secretary General Kenneth Dadzie, H2O must be suppli ed by agencies of denationalization, non the populace sector ( ibid:1077 ) . To keep an indifferent position, there are two sides to this argument to see. Those recommending for the private direction of H2O resources adopt the neoclassical economic attack by reasoning that shooting foreign direct investing into these â€Å" struggling † economic systems will supply additions for both participants ; in their eyes, mobilising the private sector is the lone solution to guaranting that public demands are met ( Robbins 2003:1074-75 ) . In contrast, local communities criticize TNCs for non merely being profit-seeking, implementing services to the disadvantage of the hapless, but besides for commanding denationalization as an oligopoly of a few corporations ( ibid:1074, 1076 ) . The issue that H2O is a human right that should be without cost besides comes into inquiry ( Anthony 2007:225 ) . Nevertheless, in utilizing Foucault ‘s construct of power, it is incontestable that TNCs use their planetary prominence to sell the apparently opposing thoughts of d evelopment and sustainability as one and the same ( Robbins 2003:1076 ) . Now that the phase has been set in supplying the background for this denationalization discourse, detecting a few instance surveies will be helpful in measuring the effectivity and influence of TNCs in the procedure of deciding the H2O crisis. With a important diminution in foreign assistance since the 1980s, TNCs are now considered the armory of development agents, foreign domestic investing being the quintessential ingredient for economic stimulation ( Fisher and Urich 2001:7-8 ) . Harmonizing to Anthony ( 2007:224 ) , the denationalization of H2O takes two different signifiers: either a complete coup d'etat by private companies, or a private-public cooperation. The undermentioned instances will uncover both the pros and cons of these options. First, the illustration of Buenos Aires describes the work of Suez, a TNC among the first one 100 of the Fortune Global 500 ( Robbins 2003:1075 ) . After doing a contract with local private H2O company Aguas Argentinas, Suez created a figure of policies refering the supply of H2O ( ibid:1078 ) . Ignoring occupants busying ownerless land, the company expanded H2O connexions by bear downing clients six hundred dollars and metering their use, coercing the hapless to pay more and doing connexions unaffordable ( ibid ) . Although Suez promoted their concern as â€Å" pro hapless † by widening entree to four destitute countries antecedently unconnected, â€Å" bettering † the life conditions, their successful â€Å" mean 19 per centum rate of return † during the first five old ages ended in 2002 with economic prostration ( ibid ) . Despite initial advancement being made, Suez counted the venture as a $ 200 million failure, finally showing their profit-oriented mentalit y ( ibid ) . Second, Suez ‘s work can besides be traced to a contract made with the Jakarta H2O service in 1997 ( Robbins 2003:1079 ) . They established 31 per centum more H2O connexions than had existed antecedently in a metropolis with half of its population life in the slums, yet those who benefited the most from this enlargement were from â€Å" really modest countries † ( ibid ) . It is of import to observe that although some perceive policies that are advantageous to the wealthy as negative, one must follow a wide position by every bit sing how both the hapless and rich are affected. However, despite new connexions being established, it did non intend that more hapless dwellers received running H2O ; on the contrary, most of them still relied on street sellers, with 70 per centum still without entree ( ibid ) . Local reaction to the Suez intercession came in the signifier of environmental and student protests, kicking about increased monetary values and a 48 per centum H2O esca pe ( ibid ) . An applied scientist from the public system claimed that the company â€Å" robbed everything [ they ] had, † and critics of denationalization emphasized Suez ‘s inefficiency every bit good as their deficiency of desire to convey betterment to the full system ( ibid ) . Third, in 1995 in Cebu, the Alliance — another TNC — proposed the Bohol-Cebu Water Supply Project aimed at both supplying H2O for under-supplied Cebu and well-needed gross for Bohol ( Fisher and Urich 2001:9-10 ) . Hazards were high — of the major concerns were happening a significant H2O beginning to pull from, covering with deposit and human waste saturating the H2O tabular array, and shrieking within a seismically active zone ( ibid:10 ) . Despite these factors, the Alliance promoted the â€Å" great investing † while disregarding intervention criterions and puting the authorities responsible for temblor hazards ( ibid ) . Sing themselves as â€Å" experts † in understanding the positive results, the company neglected the rights of stakeholders — including involvement groups — and the local populace to cognize how the undertaking would impact them, avoided their input and failed to utilize linguistic communication that would be unde rstood by all, finally bring forthing a deep misgiving ( ibid:11-12 ) . As a consequence, analysts declared that although TNCs have a immense function to play, economic involvements will ever endanger to acquire in the manner of environmental and societal demands ( ibid:17 ) . Whether one considers accomplishments or focuses on local resistance to denationalization, it has by and large resulted in more failures than success ( Anthony 2007:226 ) . The extent of the job was summarized in 2003 when Suez announced that they were retreating investing from â€Å" poorer † states and discontinuing to supply it in the hereafter due to high instability and a deficiency of short term returns ( Robbins 2003:1080 ) . Planing to recover the losingss accumulated as a consequence of these â€Å" Third World failures, † they declared a displacement in investing towards the â€Å" soundest † markets of the West — including Europe and North America — unless the IMF and World Bank could minimise hazards ( ibid ) . But it was non Suez entirely that adopted this stance ; most H2O companies held similar concerns about low rates of return in states of the â€Å" Third World, † being unable to trust on the hapless to supply gross ( ibid:1 080-81 ) . Although this is debatable for establishments like the World Bank who guarantee that the denationalization of H2O is the lone solution, TNCs are expressed about where their motivations lie: no net income means no investing ( ibid:1081 ) . European and North American TNCs have helped determine this procedure of relief, yet after neglecting to perpetrate to doing a permanent impact, the inquiry of where this investing will come from becomes pertinent. Although there are ever other options to see, one such solution Centres on the single bureau of Canadians. To analyse this, it is of import to first observe the extent of H2O ingestion in Canada and the West, followed by how persons can proactively react to the H2O crisis. With UN Millennium Development Goals taking to cut the unavailability of H2O by 50 per centum by 2015, any benefits from TNC denationalization — to whatever extent they provide them — are non plenty to replace the demand for assistance ( Cain and Gleick 2005:79 ; Peter and Urich 2001:17 ) . For those keeping authoritiess responsible, states have contributed a meagre 0.4 per centum of their gross national income to development aid on norm ( Cain and Gleick 2005:80 ) . Harmonizing to Cain and Gleick ( ibid:81 ) , consumers spend about $ 100 billion each twelvemonth on bottled H2O for gustatory sensation and convenience — probably less than the cost needed to supply H2O services — when tap H2O is 100s of times cheaper every bit good as normally safe for imbibing. Bringing these facts together, Canadian persons have the possible to take portion in planetary development, giving the â€Å" convenience † of the bottled trade good and lending the ensuing nest eggs to assist relieve the H2O crisis by run intoing the demand for assistance. Some undertakings such as LifeStraw fund the usage of instant microbiological purifiers to supply efficient H2O intervention for contaminated beginnings ( Vestergaard Frandsen 2011 ) . Others, The Water Project in peculiar, construct Wellss that supply safe imbibing H2O ; ten dollars gives H2O to one individual for 10 old ages ( The Water Project 2010 ) . Either manner, chances exist to change over Western ingestion into significant solutions. The H2O crisis is clearly non simplistic, easy to understand, or discernible on a individual degree, but instead, it plays out in many ways, with conditions changing depending on states ‘ political, cultural and economic characteristics. What can be analyzed is the extent to which Western TNCs have attempted to relieve these atrociousnesss by concentrating on investing through H2O denationalization ; unluckily, although non universally, most have chosen economic net incomes in leu of supplying basic human demands. There is a hope, so, that Canadian persons can enlist themselves as agents of alteration, giving some of their ain stuff amenitiess. By lending these nest eggs as a signifier of assistance, Canadians can rethink the manner they take for granted the luxuries of running H2O. As in most instances in development surveies, the first measure is to understand the many-sided nature of a argument. One can recognize that there will ever be differing positions based on the facts , with no right reply or perfect solution. Of greater importance, nevertheless, is that when persons learn to follow this critical oculus, they can no longer claim that Western â€Å" expertness † and methodological analysis is superior. Furthermore, disclosure demands application — conveying consciousness to non merely a freshly discovered duty as agents to run into these cosmopolitan demands, but a duty as members of a planetary community.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Journey to Become a Nurse Essay

I like to help and nurture people back to health, so why not join a career which includes that? Nursing goes along well with what I’m best at, it could be the perfect career for me. Where I can enjoy helping people and taking care of them to make them feel better. If they are sick, I want to help figure out what is causing them to feel that way or what the symptoms are of the possible illnesses. I’m also a very social person and can talk to anybody, which is something needed if you want to become a nurse. But what does it take? Will the money spent going to school be reimbursed or more by the career I have chosen? Well we’re about to find out! Before you decide what career to choose for life, you need to look at everything. Where to go, what school has the best programs, would it be better to get a degree, what benefits it has for family matters, how much it pays, can it support the lifestyle you’re looking for in life, and how much time you can get off. There are so many more but how can you think through all of them in such a short period of time? Even two to three years won’t be good enough to think of all the questions. But what I am going to do is answer the most important questions that you should consider in the period of time leading up to the time you need to choose the occupation you will be doing for the rest of your life or for a majority of your life. One of the most important questions you need to consider would be, what do you enjoy to do the most in your life? If you consider being a nurse as one the possibilities you could be happy doing for fifty years or so, then pick it. I’ve read quite a few articles online and they all talk about how most nurses wish that they never went into that profession in the first place. Though it does have flexible hours and family friendly time off, you have to constantly be on your feet running around all over the place, keep track of many doctors patients and paper work, and work really long hours maybe even graveyard shifts. But some say, how much you enjoy being a registered nurse is your attitude towards all the rush and stress. A lot enjoy their jobs and a lot don’t enjoy it as well. It all depends on your outlook on the job. You must also consider where you want to go. Find out where the best place to go would be, and who has the greatest nursing programs. If you can afford a really good college then go there, but if you are working on a low income and have a family and house to take care of then it may not be the best idea to go somewhere out of your budget. Also, consider whether you want to go out of state or stay close to home? Some colleges and universities that are considered to have the best nursing programs in the country, as of 2011, are Columbia University, University of Pennsylvania, and Duke University. They are most selective, meaning they are very hard schools to get into. The top schools in Utah that have the best nursing programs are University of Utah, Westminster College, and Western Governors University. They all are located in Salt Lake City, 4-year program schools, and offer Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in nursing. Back in 2011, the average salary of a registered nurse was $65,950 annually and the average hourly wage was $34.71. There are many opportunities and advancements you can take advantage of from being a nurse or going to nursing school. You could become a doctor, a nurse practitioner, pediatrician, and a lot more. Some nurses may start their career off as a hospital nurse, but when they are there long enough and have experience, they can be promoted to assistant unit manager or even head nurse. For those nurses who want to go back to school to get a Master’s or a Doctorate’s degree have even greater opportunities. Such as nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, or nurse anesthetist. Experts are saying that the job opportunities for nurses will nearly double the expected average rate for all occupations between the years of 2011 and 2020. This is expected because the medical industry is expanding quickly and the demand for medical personnel will be exceptionally high. Next you want to consider what nurses do on an average day at work. They go around feeding the patients, checking the patients to see how they are doing, be a friend to them and their families, etc. An average nurse’s day is consisted of recording a patient’s history and symptoms on their medical charts, discuss their patients with other nurses and doctors, change the dressings on the wounds so they don’t get infected, observe the patients to  see if they are progressing in health or declining, give them their medications, and talk with their families to discuss what is happening or what is expected. Let’s go a step further, think about the average day of an ER nurse. Their days must be so hectic. I’ve gone to the ER a couple times and what I see there amazes me. There are numerous crazy stories from ER nurses and doctors. For example, one man came in saying he has abdominal pain and he had a rash on his stomach. When they administered an abdomina l exam, they discovered a turkey sandwich that has been there for over a month. Never underestimate a day in the life of a nurse. Learning about nursing, what it takes to become one, what their average day is like, and what to expect for nursing has been informational. There are numerous sources which gives information on what to look forward to. I found out the average wage is $34.71 and the annual salary is $65,950, what schooling you need to participate in before starting a career as a nurse. Becoming a nurse may seem difficult, but it’s all worth it in the end.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Rioting in American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rioting in American Society - Essay Example Hysteria on this level was a mass-ecstasy of panic, through which later psychologists interpreted that individuals shed their exhibitions and released repressed thought energy through violent activity in a type of trance – many mob participants were allegedly â€Å"seized† by some force they identify as coming from outside of themselves and overtaking them, causing the person to commit acts of violence or lust that would not ordinarily be even within the threshold of their annual conscious awareness. This is similar in experience and description as possessions reported by ethnographers and anthropologists with ritualistic religions. The psychology of crowds and mass persuasion has steadily advanced since the time of Mackay, yet there are still no explanations for these aspects of human experience from psychology that really explain with any certainty what is occurring in the dynamics of the group mind, or if a group mind even exists. If it does exist, the concept should shatter our commonly held assumptions about individuality and the autonomy of being. Yet if it is not something we can consciously experience, or that happens on cue, it cannot be replicated or tested. Even wildfires, tornados, and hurricanes have a set of evolving principals describing their behavior that are accepted as scientifically valid. Crowd dynamics, as a science, and group psychology can combine to collect evidence on riot situations when they occur in modern times and research historical records of riots to see if they can find patterns and rules of behavior in chaos. Thus a question arises as to whether or not a riot can be organized, for if it is organized in advance it would simply be an attack on a location and not an eruption of primal chaos and the group mind. We need then to discover if there is a valid method of judging the difference between these two situations. From this we can posit the first distinguishing characteristic of

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

The Unreported Facts about Building Seven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Unreported Facts about Building Seven - Essay Example In the mainstream news it was cited that this building had been burning shortly after the planes hit the Twin Towers. As such, the collapse is attributed to the structural damage from the collapsing towers coupled with the prolonged fire which affected the fuel stores for emergency generators (Glanz). In addition, the United States government published a report that aims to clarify the issue pertaining to the collapse of Building 7 despite the fact that it was not hit by hijacked airliners unlike the two ill-fated towers. According to the published report, there were no known casualties due to the collapse. Furthermore, it concurs with the mainstream news that the collapse is primarily due to the fire rather than any impact damage from the collapsing towers. However, the report admits that prior to the 9/11 tragedy, there is minimal record of fire-induced collapse of large fire-protected steel buildings. Apart from this, the report also mentions that the study conducted regarding the structural design and construction features of Building 7 needs to be confirmed by further studies and analysis (Gilsanz, DePaola, Marion & Nelson). Due to some disconcerting observations with regard to the collapse of Building 7, some have formulated

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Sufficient funding to Hawaii University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sufficient funding to Hawaii University - Essay Example The institutions will encourage their students to participate into such activities in order to nurture the youth’s talents, exploit the available positions in the organization and to encourage the students to utilize their talents, and use it as a source of revenue generation (Benjamin 34). Proper funding to the Hawaii University will ensure the institution builds the required educational facilities such as workshops, the up-to-date reading room and other required facilities to perform research and practical’s. Because of this, the scholars and the personnel of the Hawaii University will be able to carry out their ideas on innovation due to the availability of the required resources to sponsor and make the dreams a reality (Stanton 33). Innovations from the students will act as a major boost to the economy of the country as the students will be able to invest their ideas thus creating employment and generate revenues to the government through the payment of taxes. Labor atories will also enable the practitioners to perform practical’s which intern may help them come up with solutions to long-term problems that have prevailed in the country. The students will also be able to come up with medical problems because of enough fund to cater for the research expenses and availability of required facilities (Jeff 12). Sports do play a healthy role in the development of the youths in the improvement of the academic achievements, their higher esteem increases and they face few behavioral problems. Students mainly are known to focus on sports  to improve their competence, assurance, their character and acquaintances and finally for considerate.  

Monday, August 26, 2019

Forensic Science 4.5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Science 4.5 - Essay Example One of the most important pieces of evidence is blood but usually by the time the police and the forensic scientists reach the scene of crime the blood is usually dried up. In this article we will learn the four different methods used to collect dried blood samples from the crime scene. These dried blood stains are attained from objects or various surfaces that do not have the ability of mobility and cannot be collected easily. The four methods are cutting, swabbing, scraping and elution (that is dissolving). Cutting is clearly appropriate only to the items or objects that can simply be cut off. Inspectors should not just simply cut off pieces from objects that can be presented intact for example shirts or clothing items. Sometimes bloodstains might be found on objects that according to the inspectors are too large or too complicated to bring in complete for example bloodstains on sofas or on the seats of a vehicle. In such cases, cutting of a portion big enough to have unstained sections on the edges for later comparisons is a good idea because taking in the whole sofa or vehicle seat is not a wise or suitable act (Gaensslen, Harris & Lee, 2008). Swabbing comprises the transferring of the blood sample from the surface on which it was onto some kind of swab. While working with dried blood it is necessary to humidify or to dampen the swab so that the blood sample can be transferred. The solution that is used in the swab has to be sterile so that it avoids any chances of the contamination of the blood sample from bacteria. Gauze sponges are usually more recommendable as they are already sterile and are more functional as swabs. Swabbing is useless in taking out blood samples from walls or even from tables or chairs (Gaensslen, Harris & Lee, 2008). Scraping comprises of utilizing an instrument with a straight or sharply edged face to scrape off the dried blood samples from a surface and to place it onto a clean laboratory glass plate

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Causes of the Civil War Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes of the Civil War Activity - Essay Example It has been a common belief that the northerners supported the abolition of slavery. This however was not the case since most northerners were more concerned with freeing the land from the colonizers than the abolition of slavery (Katcher, 2011). Although the northerners did not fully support the abolition of slavery, they had little concern over the issue. The difference between northerners and southerners concerning slavery arose from different agricultural practices in the two regions. The southerners were large-scale farmers and therefore slaves a supplied cheap labor. The cotton boom proved slavery to be an important part of the economy leading to a delay in the abolition of slavery (Varhola, 2011). The northern economy depended more on industry than agriculture, the northerners were city dwellers, and therefore slaves were insignificant to them. Proposals to abolish slavery therefore caused tensions between the two regions and were major cause of the civil war. Gender roles also played a major role in creating the differences between the north and south. Women have always fought for freedom or equality and this struggle is a common feature that characterized the antebellum period. Most American women were against slavery, their struggle against slavery was intended to unite them in their quest for equality between men and women. Unlike the southern women, the northern women had common interests that contributed to their unity. The differences in southern and northern women arose from their duties and roles in the society. Northern women mainly worked or preferred outdoor duties while the southerners preoccupied themselves with domestic duties. The differences in roles played by southern and northern women in the society furthered the differences between the women in the two regions. The issue of states’ rights versus federal rights arose during the antebellum period and

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Successful Negotiation for Salary Raise Case Study

Successful Negotiation for Salary Raise - Case Study Example It's a quiet convincing statement which refers to human nature where most of the times s/he inquires 'what's in it for me'' and is willing to get into details of the situation. The case presented here is about asking my manager for increasing my salary. It's been almost two years that I have been part of the same organization on the same pay scale; however my job role has changed multiple times, mostly increasing the job responsibilities. Such duration was viable enough to prove my value as being part of the organization and fight the case. In the current scenario, I had an upper hand as recently my coworker resigned, leaving his share of job responsibilities upon my shoulder. Earlier I was managing just a single product line but now another one has been added, making my job role tougher claiming double the time and efforts. I was the only resource my boss had left in retail function, having the set of expertise and experience as I had. If at this point in time I leave, my boss would be left with loads to handle all by himself. Hiring another resource was always an option but as per the regressive interviewing process, it would have taken minimum of three months for hiring adding another three months for trainings and blending in of the new resource. The key here was to present my significance to the organization, specifically to my manager making him believe that I deserve more then what I am getting right now based on my capability of committing to extra amount of work., whereas saving their cost which will be incurred over hiring of the new resource. This did require careful measures, such that I don't look too assertive, giving an impression of over-ambition, nor too timid showing desperation. I was demanding 40% increase over my current gross salary... Alternatives included bonus equivalent to two months of my gross salary, organization paying for my college tuition fees, and one week paid vacations to one of the countries. In return, I was willing to take almost half of the responsibilities of my coworker who resigned or take up additional assignment, distinct to my current job responsibilities. If all above had not worked out, I was willing to take the counter offer I had in hand, which may have been close to my demand if not exceeding it. However this implied starting from scratch in understanding the way of work, getting in the flow and most importantly proving myself once again to my new employer. For my current employer, doing so meant investing their valuable time and resources in hiring and training two resources. Another option was to deny taking additional responsibilities which eventually could have turned out to be the reason for losing my job. My employer could have either let go of me right at the spot or could have removed me till they get a replacement to keep the job running. It was definitely not a piece of cake getting the management team to agree for paying me additional amount. I gathered the Do(s) and Don't(s) needed to be taken care of before presenting my case. Negotiation Process - Do(s) In order to make the negotiation process successful, it was essential to go beyond my current working methods and exhibit my talent. Below are the steps I followed to achieve the outcome: Identify the objective Just like a solution cannot be achieved till the problem is identified, results cannot be attained till objectives are defined. To keep my manager's attention focused, first and the foremost thing I did was to figure out my objective and the desired

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

International Marketing - Essay Example It depends upon the quality of manufacturing and distribution of the products and services. In several cases, sales and acceptance of products depends on country of origin of those products. However, if a product’s country of Origin is UK then the product should avail high marker preference and customer demand as each and every person around the globe perceives that products of these regions are good in quality comparing to other global areas. On the other hand, foreign branding has an effective impact on the sales and acceptance of products. It is true that several organizations use foreign branding strategy in order to achieve significant market growth within the local market place. If an US based perfume manufacturing and distributing organizations develops its brand name in French style then the organization can develop potential customer base around the globe due to that specific foreign brand name. There are specific types of organizations that do not use local brand nam e for the home manufactured products. They use foreign brand name in order to attract the attention of target customers towards the product. 8A: Difference between COO and CE The Country of Origin (COO) is explained as the country where the product is manufactured in the process of production. The country of origin could be treated as the place of origin of the product or where the growth of the product has occurred before expansion. The country of origin is linked with the issues of product quality, customer service, credibility and loyalty. In case the product information is missing, COO could serve as an important clue for the information on product characteristic and the product performance.... This essay approves that development and image of a brand highly depends upon the country of origin of a product. It is true that all the countries around the globe do not follow similar manufacturing and distribution process. In addition to this, similar types of products of various countries s cannot be similar in terms of quality and service. The manufacturing industry in UK could be cited as an example that could take advantage of the aspect of customer ethnocentrism. The manufacturing industry in UK has slowed down after the global financial recession and is trailing in the list of developed countries across the world like USA, Japan, Germany, France and Italy. This is due to the weakness of major infrastructural facilities like the availability of labour, finance, etc. The high cost of labour, tightened parameter for lending would create shortage of source of finance. The higher cost and lesser volume of products would also urge the customers to look for alternative options. This report makes a conclusion that the topics that have been considered for the purpose of presentation have been studied and analyzed as given above. The various questions related to the topic on foreign branding, country of origin and customer ethnocentrism have explored in order to be fully prepared for the presentation of the topic. In both the presentations of week 7B and 8A, the arguments related to the topic have used to expand the topic under the theoretical framework. The examples related to the industry of the domestic market have been used to support the theoretical framework.

Friday, August 23, 2019

Analysis of The Brief Wonderous Life of Oscar Wao Essay - 1

Analysis of The Brief Wonderous Life of Oscar Wao - Essay Example Until he met a lady in Santo Domingo, that alters his destination. To trace back the origin of Oscar, his mother migrated to America to escape from the painful memories of the past. The fuku haunts every family member, which leads to the death of Oscar Wao. This paper aims to analyse the connection of Caribbean history and Dominican identity with the character of Oscar as a nigger. The history of Caribbean is a mixture of different culture that is rooted from the era of colonialism. The first settlers are the native Indians called Taino. Diaz (2007) mentions that Spaniards execute genocide, or the killing of race in the Dominican Republic (p. 212). Taino’s population decreases after the European navigator -- Christopher Columbus, discovered the West Indies when he mistakenly assumed that he reached the west part of Asia. In search for gold, the European occupied the place and abused the naivety of native people. After the reduction of Taino’s population, Spaniards gathered Africans from South Africa to become their slave on the mining industry. The Spaniards shifted to sugar cane plantation due to the obliteration of the gold’s supply. Moreover, the women suffered from sexual assault that results to mestizo children. The culture of Dominican changed after the Spaniards surrendered them to France, which occupied Haiti, but Spain recovered i ts sovereignty to Dominicans in 1861. Fortunately, the Dominican gained its freedom from the Spaniard but later occupied by the United States (Shifflette, 2010, pp. 4-7). Diaz’s novel highlights the reign of Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. Trujillo uses the military forces to coerce the Dominicans to vote him. He became the President that marked the Trujillo era. Although the root of Trujillo came from the Black African, his mindset is similar with the United States and Spain. He ordered for the elimination of black people to whiten the Dominican Republic. Shifflette

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Mexican and Italian foods Essay Example for Free

Mexican and Italian foods Essay Many Mexican and Italian foods are very similar and still, the prepared dishes of each country have very distinct and bold flavors. Both countries use meats, grains, and produce that are grown locally to prepare their meals. However, Italian foods are regional and Mexican food is native to the whole country. Many of the spices for flavoring are the same, but they are used with a combination of different ingredients and the foods are prepared differently. Dishes from both countries often use sauces, but each country implements the use of their sauces differently to enhance the flavor of the final dish. If you enjoy cooking or eating, exploring the similarities and differences between Mexican and Italian foods will tempt anyone’s palate. The origin and influences of Mexican and Italian foods Authentic Mexican foods are native to the country and the Pueblo Indians. Corn was grown by the Pueblo’s and many Mexican recipes require corn based specialties such as tacos, enchiladas, tamales and quesadillas. Beans are also a staple food in the Mexican culture. Produce that is grown in the country like avocados, tomatoes and green and red peppers are also used in their recipes to add zest to their flavorful foods. The meat of choice that is used in many of their dishes is pork, but meat is rarely the focal point of the meal. It’s used more to add substance and flavor to the food. Authentic Italian foods vary by region. The Tuscan region uses local produced foods like produce, mellow cheeses, and game meats like boar, deer and rabbit. Beans are also a staple of that region. Rome is known for its hearty soups, lamb and pasta dishes. The main staples of Italy in more general terms are vegetables, grains, legumes and cheeses. The basic diet in Italy is called â€Å"la cucina povera† which mean â€Å"poor peoples food. † The spices and oils used in Mexican and Italian foods Mexican foods tend to be spicy. Many people confuse the spiciness with the sensation of heat. Cinnamon, saffron, cumin is some of the common spices used in Mexican dishes. Lard is used in traditional dishes like tamales. Actually a very small amount is used in frying their food. Lard is preferred and actually necessary to produce some of the authentic flavors known to Mexican food. Some of the common spices used in Italian dishes are saffron, cinnamon, nutmeg, rosemary and sage. Cinnamon is used in a lasagna dish made with cinnamon scented and sauteed chicken gizzards called Vircisgrassi. Olive oil is a staple in the cooking process and on the table. Central and Southern regions prefer a dark green olive oil which is once pressed while Northern regions prefer golden olive oil. Preparation and use of sauces in Mexican and Italian foods Mexican dishes are generally fried or oven baked. Meats are usually boiled and shredded since they are mostly used in dishes rather than as a stand alone meal. Sauces are often used in cooking, but rarely, is additional sauce added before serving. However, sometimes sauces are served on the side for dipping. The majority of Italian dishes are cooked on the stove top. Meats are usually grilled, wine braised or roasted. Italian dishes are known for their rich and thick sauces used in to top their pasta. Many people think of tomato based sauces when they think of Italian dishes, but in fact, many of the sauces are cream based. Mexican and Italian foods are very popular in the United States. American’s have adapted the recipes to their tastes. Recipes that have been adapted are referred to as Mexican-American or Italian-American cuisine not to be confused with authentic Mexican or Italian dishes. Ethnic foods such as these are popular in the diverse American culture. Works Cited Furfaro, Rosemary. Ethnic Cuisine: Italy. 2008. Sallys Place. 13 October 2008 http://www. sallys-place. com/food/cuisines/italy. htm. Peyton, James. Frequently Asked Questions About Mexican Cooking. 1999-2000. Mexican Food Cooking and Recipes. 13 October 2008 http://lomexicano. com/faq_mexican_food_cooking__recipes. htm.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Causes of the American Civil War

Causes of the American Civil War The United States maintain their position of the world as the strongest, most influential country for many decades. Observing their history closely, we can see that they had gone through many ups and downs, and harsh yet necessary battles within the nation and with other countries. In order to examine the Civil War and reconstruction of the United States, we need to understand the causes of the war, what happened during the war, and the changes that the war had brought. I believe that the Civil War of 1861 played a significant role in building the stronger nation; likewise, I will discuss three major causes of the war which are the slavery, the conflicts between the North and South states, and the Presidential election of 1860 describe how dreadful the war was, and how the slavery, the relationship among the states, and the economic and political situation changed after the war. Moreover, I will present my own views on the Civil war. First, the slavery was one of the greatest causes of the Civil War. The Slavery in all across North America has had existed for 168 years. Eventually, by 1804, most of the Northern states abolished slavery institution, but the invention of cotton gin in 1793 increased the use of slaves in the South and the slavery became very important for the South. Before the Civil War, the tension between the North and the South was invested in Slavery. The North was insisting that America should become free country and need to industrialize the South. On the other hand, the South was opposing the North by being pro-slavery for their agricultural industry. The U.S. Constitution was clearly permitting slavery even though the document did not include the words slaves and slavery. For example, in U.S. Constitution Section 2 of Article IV said held to Service or Labor in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another (Constitution On Slavery). It shows the fugitive slaves must be returned to their owners. Moreover, the Bill of Rights in 1791 did not mention about slavery, yet on the Fifth Amendment, it says Be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law (Constitution On Slavery). According to the Fifth Amendment, the slaveholders were given an absolute right to take their property with them. Since the slaves were equaled properties, they could take their slaves even to the free Northern states. It developed into negative conflicts between the North and the South. However, America gained huge part of the West from the victory in the War with Mexico, including California, Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory. In Addition, the amount of gold that was discovered in California was huge and it led the Gold Rush in America, which did not last for long. The issue of whether the new states in the West should be opened to slavery or should be free from the slavery brought a big political confusion. The state of California was extremely important for the both powers. The North was asserting completely opposite opinions from that of the South. Since California got so much richer quickly, if the slavery in California got abolished, the South states would significantly lose their political and economic power. In contrast, if the slavery got permitted and protected by the federal government, the South states would be able to gain more power. The South was saying that they would leave the Union if California becomes a free state. Eventually, the issue drove the South to assert their opinion, which was to elect two different presidents between the North and the South The old compromiser Henry Clay addressed the Compromise of 1850 in order to keep the peace between the two different powers. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster proposed that California should be admitted as a free state, and while the slave holding could be legally admitted, the Slave trade should be abolished in Washington D.C. For the South states, they offered stronger fugitive slave act, which was to return the runaway slaves back to their owners by using force. Also, the other new territories in the west such as New Mexico and Utah were opened to slavery (Keesee 265). The Compromise of 1850 was debated for around 8 months and finally passed. The president Taylor disagreed with the Compromise, saying that it could divide the territories and extend slavery. His anticipation turned into reality when the fugitive slave act brought a counter result, awakening people in the North about the slavery issue. Likewise, the Whigs party changed their name as the Republicans. After the Compromise of 1850, another controversy arose when the Kansas-Nebraska Act was proposed. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois envisioned constructing a transcontinental railroad which connects the East and the West, and the railroad had to go through the unorganized part of the Louisiana Purchase. When the region required an organized government for the construction, many Southerners resisted territorial organization; hence, Douglas sought to win Southern support for his railroad by a clever piece of legislation (Keesee 270), which was the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Act stated that Kansas and Nebraska states would choose on the status of slavery for themselves, and the Southerners welcomed this idea because they want to expand the slavery. Also, the South and the North both wanted those states in order to gain more power in the House of Representatives. The Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in two events which eventually destroyed Democratic dominance of American politics: the rise of the Republican Party and a virtual civil war in Kansas (Keesee 270). In an attempt to win the region, proslavery border ruffians from Missouri and antislavery free-staters clashed in Kansas. On May 21, 1856, border ruffians ransacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas, which was known to be a staunch free-state area. (Martin), and the fighting known as Bleeding Kansas had begun. The brutal attack happened in Lawrence triggered another outrageous event. One of the most publicized events that occurred in Kansas was Brooks-Sumner Episode (Keesee 272). In Washington D.C., Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, representing the angry North, made a speech that apparently disdaining and criticizing Andrew Butler, a senator of South Carolina. As a consequence, Preston Brooks, a relative of Butlers, got angry and confronted Sumner. Brooks hit him repeatedly with a cane (Keesee 272) and Sumner got badly injured. This scandalous event worsened the conflicts between the North and the South, and led to a violent solution. Furthermore, the event which finally triggered the Civil War was the Election of 1860. The Presidential Election of 1860 contained four presidential candidates from different parties: Stephan Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, Abraham Lincoln and John Bell. The Northern Democrats nominated Stephan Douglas and the Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge. John Bell was nominated by the Constitutional Union Party. In the end, Abraham Lincoln who was representing the Republicans got the most votes. When Lincoln got elected as the President of the U.S., the secession began. Leaders in the Deep South had insisted that if Lincoln won, they would not submit themselves to what they considered a hostile, strictly Northern party; likewise they would secede, or leave the Union (Keesee 280). On December 20th of 1860, the first Ordinance of Secession began by South Carolina. South Carolina declared independency by leaving the Union, and other Southern states considered following South Carolinas path. Ultimately, the 10 other states from the South joined South Carolina by 1861, under the name of Confederate States of America [C.S.A]. Jefferson Davis, a Senator from Mississippi was elected as the president of C.S.A. Southern diarist Mary Boykin Chesnut wrote, We are divorced, North and South, because we have hated each other so (South Carolina Secedes). Secondly, as the Union and the Confederates were separated, they began the bloodiest war of the U.S. History. The Union was willing to force the Confederates to rejoin, but the Confederates kept refusing. However, on March 5, 1861, the Fort Sumter in Charlestown Harbor, South Carolina was in need of supplies. Abraham Lincoln was notified by Robert Anderson, the Commander of the Fort, saying that they had less than a six week supply of food left in fort (Fort Sumter). In Addition, the Fort Sumter was located in C.S.A. governed area, so the Confederates wanted the Fort to be evacuated. Consequently, the General P.G.T. Beauregard, the Commander of Charlestown was ordered by Confederate government to clear out the Fort. Anderson announced to Beauregard that the Fort will evacuate by noon on April 15 unless the additional supplies arrive. Beauregard replied that the announcement was unacceptable and stated that their guns will no longer hold fire more than an hour. On April 12th, 1861, the Confederate soldiers began to fire, and even though the Fort did not have enough supplies of food nor guns, they bravely defended over 30 hours. At last, they surrendered and went back to the North. (Fort Sumter) The battle was not slaughter because the soldiers from both sides did not die or seriously injured; however, the Battle of Fort Sumter significantly gave rise to the most slaughter and violent war of U.S. History. The Civil War began with the Battle of Fort Sumter. As the time passed on, the War got more violent and serious. Brothers killed each other and thousands of men died. The War had numerous battles yet the Battle of Gettysburg was the most significant battle of all. Lincoln addressed the Union army to surround the little town of Gettysburg in order to defend the Confederates. On July 1st, 1864, the Battle began. General Robert E. Lee was in charge of the Union army and Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade was in charge of the Confederate army. On the first day of the battle, Union army was forced to retreat to south of Gettysburg. Moreover, they retreated up to the hills, which gave them an important advantage to possibly win the battle. On the third day, the Union army ruled the battle by successfully defending Confederates sudden attack with 12,500 soldiers. The Confederates were defeated and retreated to Virginia (Borade). Eventually, the Union won the battle by pushing the Confederates back to the South. In fact, both sides had close number of casualties. As a result, 51,000 casualties from both side and 28,000 were Confederates (Kelly). It was the bloodiest battle of all the other battles during the Civil War. Also, it was the climax of the War and a key battle for the Union to conclude the whole War. On April 3, Richmond fell to Union troops as Robert E. Lee led his Army of Northern Virginia in retreat to the West pursued by Grant and the Army of the Potomac. A running battle ensued as each Army moved farther to the West in an effort to oust flank, or prevent being out flanked by the enemy. Finally, on April 7, General Grant initiated a series of dispatches leading to a meeting between the two commanders (Surrender at Appomattox, 1865). According to the text, Lee eventually retreated back to the South and finally gave up on the Civil War. On April 9th, 1865, Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House. Grant suggested Lee to surrender and offered a chance to surrender with honor. The Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered 26,765 troops of the Army of Northern Virginia with honor (Lee Surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, Ending Civil War). Thirdly, on 1865, the congress passed the 13th Amendment which abolished slavery. The victory of the Union gave them power to free all the blacks across America. The government of U.S. had to reconstruct the whole country. Unfortunately, they faced other difficulties on legislating laws to give full citizen ships to the all freed blacks. Confederate defeat and the end of slavery brought far-reaching changes in the lives of all Southerners. The destruction of slavery led inevitably to conflict between blacks seeking to breathe substantive meaning into their freedom by asserting their independence from white control, and whites seeking to retain as much as possible of the old order. The meaning of freedom itself became a point of conflict in the Reconstruction South. Former slaves relished the opportunity to flaunt their liberation from the innumerable regulations of slavery. Immediately after the Civil War, they sought to give meaning to freedom by reuniting families separated under slavery, establishing their own churches and schools, seeking economic autonomy, and demanding equal civil and political rights (Americas Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War). The slaves got the freedom and privileges that they always dreamed about, but they also faced on the harsh discriminations. The increasing discriminations were the white Southerners response to the end of slavery. The discriminations were getting seriously violence and the Ku Klux Klan appeared in 1866. Schools, churches, and other community institutions, symbols of black freedom, became the targets of violence, as well as private homes and individual African-Americans (Americas Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War). It was not easy for the nation to combine together again when they were separated and had the bloodiest War in the history. During the Reconstruction period, President Andrew Johnsons plan was rejected by the Congress. Eventually, the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 was passes over President Johnsons veto on March 2nd. Johnsons veto of these measures moved many moderates into the radical camp, and inaugurated a bitter conflict over control of Reconstruction policy, which culminated in 1868 when he was nearly removed from office by impeachment (Americas Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War). The 14th Amendment and the 15th Amendment were each ratified on 1868 and 1870 by the Congress. By the end of the Reconstruction, when Souths violent discriminations and terrorisms would not stop, the North retreated from having responsibility of equality. After the War, the North was on the way with industrial revolution. The Civil War resulted differently in the North than in the South. Unexpectedly, their economy apparently benefited from the War. Instead of fighting in battles, they had rebuilding to do. There were new markets for products used by the Union Army. Northern factories were producing more than ever before. Booming factories meant that bankers and investors were making profits. This money supported new inventions and better ways to produce goods. New technologies sprouted from this period of growth. While the Civil War was in progress, Cyrus Fields of Massachusetts developed the first trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. The cable was laid on the ocean floor in 1866. At this same time, Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter. Alexander Bell developed the telephone, testing it successfully in 1876. Thomas Edison was experimenting with the phonograph and the light bulb. Both these inventions were made public in the 1870s as well. During the war, the need for weapons and other metal products had caused a boost in steel production. Raw materials were plentiful. Now, mining and refining of metals became the backbone of Northern industry. (Robinson) Nowadays, people think of America as a country full of freedom. Slavery was a terrible condition and nobody wanted to be under the condition. The Civil War ended and brought freedom to nearly 8 million slaves. It also brought a dramatic transition from slavery to citizen ship. The Civil War was inevitable and necessary since there were the anti-slavery Northerners and the pro-slavery Southerners existed in the same country. Slavery must have been banned because all human beings are created equally and should be treated equally. The United States 16th President Abraham Lincoln said, As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy (LINCOLNS DEFINITION OF DEMOCRACY As He Would Not Be a Slave, So He Would Not Be a Master. Article NYTimes.com). Lincoln was elected in the year of 1860. He was also the President of the Union side and kept his position during the Civil war. He was legendary and famously known as the Father of the United States of America. People say that Abraham Lincoln blew in freedom to the country by purposing freedom of the slaves. In Conclusion, The Civil War was caused because of the slavery, numerous conflicts between the North and the South and the Secession of 11 States eventually caused by the Election of 1860. I believe that the Civil War of 1861 played a significant role in building the stronger nation because it gave freedom to the country by freeing slaves, the outer conflicts between the North and South states were concluded by Unions victory, and the War affected positively on the Industrial Revolution of the America. By observing the Civil War, we can learn that the War within the nation night be necessary in building stronger and more stable nation. In fact, the United States of America has the strongest position in the world now.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

The irresponsible cell phone users

The irresponsible cell phone users When a cell phone goes off in a classroom or at a concert, we are irritated, but at least our lives are not endangered. When we are on the road, however, irresponsible cell phone users are more than irritating: They are putting our lives at risk. Many of us have witnessed drivers so distracted by dialing and chatting that they resemble drunk drivers, weaving between lanes, for example, or nearly running down pedestrians in crosswalks. A number of bills to regulate use of cell phones on the road have been introduced in state legislatures, and the time has come to push for their passage. Regulation is needed because drivers using phones are seriously impaired and because laws on negligent and reckless driving are not sufficient to punish offenders. No one can deny that cell phones have caused traffic deaths and injuries. Cell phones were implicated in three fatal accidents in November 1999 alone. Early in November, two-year-old Morgan Pena was killed by a driver distracted by his cell phone. Morgans mother, Patti Pena, reports that the driver â€Å"ran a stop sign at 45 mph, broadsided my vehicle and killed Morgan as she sat in her car seat.† A week later, corrections officer Shannon Smith, who was guarding prisoners by the side of the road, was killed by a woman distracted by a phone call (Besthoff). On Thanksgiving weekend that same month, John and Carole Hall were killed when a Naval Academy midshipman crashed into their parked car. The driver said in court that when he looked up from the cell phone he was dialing, he was three feet from the car and had no time to stop (Stockwell B8). Expert testimony, public opinion, and even cartoons suggest that driving while phoning is dangerous. Frances Bents, an expert on the relation between cell phones and accidents, estimates that between 450 and 1,000 crashes a year have some connection to cell phone use (Layton C9). In a survey published by Farmers Insurance Group, 87% of those polled said that cell phones affect a drivers ability, and 40% reported having close calls with drivers distracted by phones. Scientific research confirms the dangers of using phones while on the road. In 1997 an important study appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine. The authors, Donald Redelmeier and Robert Tibshirani, studied 699 volunteers who made their cell phone bills available in order to confirm the times when they had placed calls. The participants agreed to report any nonfatal collision in which they were involved. By comparing the time of a collision with the phone records, the researchers assessed the dangers of driving whil e phoning. The results are unsettling: We found that using a cellular telephone was associated with a risk of having a motor vehicle collision that was about four times as high as that among the same drivers when they were not using their cellular telephones. This relative risk is similar to the hazard associated with driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit. (456) The news media often exaggerated the latter claim (â€Å"similar to† is not â€Å"equal to†); nonetheless, the comparison with drunk driving suggests the extent to which cell phone use while driving can impair judgment. A 1998 study focused on Oklahoma, one of the few states to keep records on fatal accidents involving cell phones. Using police records, John M. Violanti of the Rochester Institute of Technology investigated the relation between traffic fatalities in Oklahoma and the use or presence of a cell phone. He found a ninefold increase in the risk of fatality if a phone was being used and a doubled risk simply when a phone was present in a vehicle (522-23). The latter statistic is interesting, for it suggests that those who carry phones in their cars may tend to be more negligent (or prone to distractions of all kinds) than those who do not. Some groups have argued that state traffic laws make legislation regulating cell phone use unnecessary. Sadly, this is not true. Laws on traffic safety vary from state to state, and drivers distracted by cell phones can get off with light punishment even when they cause fatal accidents. For example, although the midshipman mentioned earlier was charged with vehicular manslaughter for the deaths of John and Carole Hall, the judge was unable to issue a verdict of guilty. Under Maryland law, he could only find the defendant guilty of negligent driving and impose a $500 fine (Layton C1). Such a light sentence is not unusual. The driver who killed Morgan Pena in Pennsylvania received two tickets and a $50 fineand retained his driving privileges (Pena). In Georgia, a young woman distracted by her phone ran down and killed a two year-old; her sentence was ninety days in boot camp and five hundred hours of community service (Ippolito J1). The families of the victims are understandably distre ssed by laws that lead to such light sentences. When certain kinds of driver behavior are shown to be especially dangerous, we wisely draft special laws making them illegal and imposing specific punishments. Running red lights, failing to stop for a school bus, and drunk driving are obvious examples; phoning in a moving vehicle should be no exception. Unlike more general laws covering negligent driving, specific laws leave little ambiguity for law officers and for judges and juries imposing punishments. Such laws have another important benefit: They leave no ambiguity for drivers. Currently, drivers can tease themselves into thinking they are using their car phones responsibly because the definition of â€Å"negligent driving† is vague. As of December 2000, twenty countries were restricting use of cell phones in moving vehicles (Sundeen 8). In the United States, it is highly unlikely that legislation could be passed on the national level, since traffic safety is considered a state and local issue. To date, only a few counties and towns have passed traffic laws restricting cell phone use. For example, in Suffolk County, New York, it is illegal for drivers to use a handheld phone for anything but an emergency call while on the road (Haughney A8). The first town to restrict use of handheld phones was Brooklyn, Ohio (Layton C9). Brooklyn, the first community in the country to pass a seat belt law, has once again shown its concern for traffic safety. Laws passed by counties and towns have had some effect, but it makes more sense to legislate at the state level. Local laws are not likely to have the impact of state laws, and keeping track of a wide variety of local ordinances is confusing for drivers. Even a spokesperson for Verizon Wireless has said that statewide bans are preferable to a â€Å"crazy patchwork quilt of ordinances† (qtd. in Haughney A8). Unfortunately, although a number of bills have been introduced in state legislatures, as of early 2001 no state law seriously restricting use of the phones had passedlargely because of effective lobbying from the wireless industry. Despite the claims of some lobbyists, tough laws regulating phone use can make our roads safer. In Japan, for example, accidents linked to cell phones fell by 75% just a month after the country prohibited using a handheld phone while driving (Haughney A8). Research suggests and common sense tells us that it is not possible to drive an automobile at high speeds, dial numbers, and carry on conversations without significant risks. When such behavior is regulated, obviously our roads will be safer. Because of mounting public awareness of the dangers of drivers distracted by phones, state legislators must begin to take the problem seriously. â€Å"Its definitely an issue that is gaining steam around the country,† says Matt Sundeen of the National Conference of State Legislatures (qtd. in Layton C9). Lon Anderson of the American Automobile Association agrees: â€Å"There is momentum building,† he says, to pass laws (qtd. in Layton C9). The time has come for states to adopt legislation restricting the use of cell phones in moving vehicles.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Essay on Portrayal of Women in The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Name

Portrayal of Women in The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire      Ã‚  Ã‚   The plays of Tennessee Williams are often controversial because of his preoccupation with sex and violence. Basic female character types often reappear throughout each of his plays. The women featured in the plays, The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire all suffer from physical or emotional mutilation and seek fulfillment from a man.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An influential factor in Tennessee Williams's writing was his own personal experience. The Glass Menagerie is a play that originated in the memory of the author. Williams drew heavily on his own family experiences, describing the lives of his mother, sister, and himself. Many aspects of the play resemble some of Williams's past experiences during childhood. The apartment that Amanda, Laura, and Tom Wingfield share is in the middle of the city, and it is among many dark alleys with fire escapes. Tom and Laura do not like the dark atmosphere of their living conditions, and their mother tries to make it as pleasant as possible. This apartment is almost a mirror image of one of the apartments that the Williams family lived in St. Louis, Missouri (American Writers IV). Amanda Wingfield is a typical Southern belle who fantasizes about her seventeen gentlemen callers back in Blue Mountain. She regularly attends meetings of the Daughters of the Am erican Revolution (DAR), which are important outlets for her social activities. Amanda believes that Laura needs to have some gentlemen callers visiting their apartment because she does not want Laura to become an old, unmarried spinster. Williams's mother, Edwina, had also been accepted into the Daughters of the American Revolution, and she was occupied... ...emale characters in The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire. The dependency of Williams's female characters on men is also very evident because they view not having a mate as being a disgrace and a failure. The life experiences of each of Williams's female characters is unique. However, what the characters have in common is an emotional or physical mutilation that they seek to fulfill by finding a suitable mate.    Works Cited: Falk, Signi. Tennessee Williams. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1961. Spoto, Julius. Understanding Tennessee Williams. New York: Harcort Brace Jovanovich, 1971. Stanton, Charles. Rethinking Literary Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972. Tharpe, Jac, ed. Tennessee Williams: A Tribute. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1980. "Williams, Tennessee." American Writers. Volume IV 1985.   

Sunday, August 18, 2019

The Unexplained Romance Between Life and Death Essay -- Eliot Wastelan

The Unexplained Romance Between Life and Death Humans have always been fascinated with the unexplained, life and death being two of the most popular. Much of the culture of the United States, as well as the cultures of other countries, is devoted to these two themes. Television shows, books, poems and even movies have fueled our romance. In T.S. Eliot’s most famous poem The Wasteland, he says, "I will show you fear in a handful of dust" (l. 30). Our romance with death does not just include the finality of the process, but also the realization of our need to improve our lives, because we finally realize just how precious they are. It is often said "you don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone." In his book No Past, No Present, No Future, Yulisa Amadu Maddy tells of the life and times of three boys, and how they learn this to be true. Early on in his life, each boy has an incident with death, and raises his own questions about each. Joe Bengoh loses his parents, Santige loses his father, and Ade faces the death of a girl named Mary. Their questions come from the hurt of not knowing what is to happen in their future. Each boy has something to struggle with during these deaths, and must learn how to overcome their difficulties. Santige wonders about the legacy of his father, Joe about his mistakes with Mary, and Ade is cold to the whole situation. Joe wants to die when Mary dies, because he feels responsible for everything, including Santige and Ade. However responsible each boy feels, they find something new to live for, and rebuild the tatters of their broken past lives. Be it for good or bad, each decides to go their own separate way and make a new life in England. Joe finds he can excel in school and even finds a... ...ww.c-span.org/campaign2000/bushspeech.asp. Brooks, David. Bobos in Paradise : The New Upper Class and How They Got There. New York: Simon, 2000. Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land, Prufrock and Other Poems. New York: Dover, 1998. Gore, Albert Jr., Concession Speech. C-Span.Org: Public Affairs on the Web. 13 Dec. 2000: 24 Jan. 2001. http://www.c-span.org/campaign2000/gorespeech.asp. Jin, Ha. Waiting. New York: Vintage, 2000. Maddy, Yulisa Amadu. No Past No Present No Future. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann- Reed, 1996.. Sparks, Nicholas. The Notebook. Warner Books Inc. new york. 1996 Tanksley, Charlie. Speech on the Proposed New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001. < http://www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/tankspeech.html>. Taylor, Mark. Remarks on the New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001. http://www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/taylor0130.html The Unexplained Romance Between Life and Death Essay -- Eliot Wastelan The Unexplained Romance Between Life and Death Humans have always been fascinated with the unexplained, life and death being two of the most popular. Much of the culture of the United States, as well as the cultures of other countries, is devoted to these two themes. Television shows, books, poems and even movies have fueled our romance. In T.S. Eliot’s most famous poem The Wasteland, he says, "I will show you fear in a handful of dust" (l. 30). Our romance with death does not just include the finality of the process, but also the realization of our need to improve our lives, because we finally realize just how precious they are. It is often said "you don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone." In his book No Past, No Present, No Future, Yulisa Amadu Maddy tells of the life and times of three boys, and how they learn this to be true. Early on in his life, each boy has an incident with death, and raises his own questions about each. Joe Bengoh loses his parents, Santige loses his father, and Ade faces the death of a girl named Mary. Their questions come from the hurt of not knowing what is to happen in their future. Each boy has something to struggle with during these deaths, and must learn how to overcome their difficulties. Santige wonders about the legacy of his father, Joe about his mistakes with Mary, and Ade is cold to the whole situation. Joe wants to die when Mary dies, because he feels responsible for everything, including Santige and Ade. However responsible each boy feels, they find something new to live for, and rebuild the tatters of their broken past lives. Be it for good or bad, each decides to go their own separate way and make a new life in England. Joe finds he can excel in school and even finds a... ...ww.c-span.org/campaign2000/bushspeech.asp. Brooks, David. Bobos in Paradise : The New Upper Class and How They Got There. New York: Simon, 2000. Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land, Prufrock and Other Poems. New York: Dover, 1998. Gore, Albert Jr., Concession Speech. C-Span.Org: Public Affairs on the Web. 13 Dec. 2000: 24 Jan. 2001. http://www.c-span.org/campaign2000/gorespeech.asp. Jin, Ha. Waiting. New York: Vintage, 2000. Maddy, Yulisa Amadu. No Past No Present No Future. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann- Reed, 1996.. Sparks, Nicholas. The Notebook. Warner Books Inc. new york. 1996 Tanksley, Charlie. Speech on the Proposed New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001. < http://www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/tankspeech.html>. Taylor, Mark. Remarks on the New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001. http://www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/taylor0130.html

Essay --

Latin American countries should provide free birth control devices to all its citizens. Giving free birth control devices will cause a cascade effect that will help these countries that are in poverty. Since many of these Latin American countries are in poverty such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala it will make these countries have less deaths, crime and drug trafficking. In many of these countries there are huge amounts of drug trafficking and gang violence happening in these same countries that have a huge poverty and high amount of children born. Since many of these children are born with poverty they struggle to eat. Providing birth control devices for the Latin American countries would allow a lesser birth rate in these countries allowing these family to afford a living rather than having to survive whether it be legal or not. Since these countries are not providing birth control devices there is a high birth rate that far exceeds the income that one can provide. However there are many different ways that are birth control such as pills, condoms, etc.; since none of these devi...

Saturday, August 17, 2019

An argument in favor of abortion supporting a womans right to freedom Essay

Is there ever a case, when one person’s religious preference should be allowed to encroach on another person’s right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness? Today many American’s justify their intrusion by siting Articles and Amendments to the Constitution of the United States.   In particular, they speak of the freedom of speech, religion, the right to bear arms, etc.   It seems as though the freedoms are only valuable when everyone shares the same beliefs, morals, and values.   But are these freedoms also guaranteed for those whose values may not be the same as the majority?   As American’s is it not possible to differ and hold different beliefs in pursuit of liberty?   What makes one person’s beliefs more valuable under the constitution than another person? A lot of people do not support abortion because they believe it is killing baby. When most abortions occur, which in the first trimester â€Å"†¦a cluster of cells or a less than half ounce fetus is not anywhere close to a definition of an actual baby.† (4) Scientists use the term fetus and not a baby because a baby â€Å"†¦could be born and survive outside the mother’s womb†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (4) and a fetus could not. A fetus is nowhere near ready to live outside the mother’s womb and â€Å" There is no real functioning brain, therefore no real humanity.† (4) So in reality abortions do not terminate babies, they terminate a fetus that could not survive outside the mother’s womb. Another reason people are not for abortion is that of religious beliefs. Some believe that terminating any form of life in the mother’s womb is wrong no matter the reason and â€Å"Those religiously opposed to abortion in the first two trimesters are free not to have them.†(9) Just because abortion is legal does not mean people are going to be forced to go out and participate in them. Abortion being legal does not impose on anyone’s rights or make anyone do anything they do not want to do. Therefore, if abortion goes against someone’s religious beliefs they are free not to go and get one. People who do not want abortion legalized talk about how it goes against their religion but what about the religion of the woman partaking in the abortion? Not everyone has the same beliefs or sees things the same as others. By trying to make abortion illegal it infringes on citizens rights. If â€Å"†¦my brothers and sisters in the United Church of Christ, who do not see the bible they way you see it, are free to make their own choices†¦ isn’t that freedom of religion too?† (9) People cannot talk about how abortion imposes on the pro-choices religion without talking about the religious freedom of the woman undergoing the procedure. If a woman’s beliefs tell her to do what is best for her The last topic is how making abortion illegal will take away a woman’s right by forcing her to stay pregnant. There are various reasons why a woman chooses to have an abortion. Whether it is because the woman is not ready for kids emotionally or financially, the baby was produced by rape or incest, or she simply just may not want kids and etc.   For people who are pro-choice â€Å"†¦ If your side ever wins, then my daughter and her daughter will be forced to stay pregnant, when their life circumstances†¦ would be much better served if they could safely terminate the fetus†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (7) So for people out there who are wanting abortion to illegal, in a sense, they want a woman to be forced to be pregnant even if that is not what is best for the woman. If abortion stays legal â€Å" we haven’t forced your daughter or her daughter after her, to do anything against their will.† (7) By keeping abortion legal no one’s rights will be infringed on a nd no one is forced to do anything they do not want to do. The same cannot be said if abortion was made illegal. In conclusion, abortions do not terminate babies it terminates fetuses. If abortion goes against someone’s religious beliefs they are free not to have them but do not forget about the religious freedom of the woman undergoing the abortion. People who do not support abortion will never be forced to do something against their will whether its legal or illegal but making abortion illegal will force a woman to stay pregnant against their will. These were just a few reasons why I think abortion should stay legal.   

Friday, August 16, 2019

Case Study Essay

Why is it important to get the patient’s assessment of health care quality? Does the patient have the expertise to judge the health care he or she receives? The patient is the customer. If the patient â€Å"perceives† that the health care received is inadequate, then he or she may go elsewhere the next time these services are needed. Although patients may not have the expertise to judge some aspects of 2 health care, they can judge appearances of competence, improvements in the way they feel, how they are treated, the cleanliness and comfort of the environment, and timely responses to service requests. . How might a hospital measure quality? Measuring quality in a service setting such as a hospital can sometimes be dif? cult. One obvious way is to keep track of the number of patient complaints—or even lawsuits. Some other measures that could be used include, but are not limited to, the following:  ¦ Average time for nurses to respond to a patients’ call  ¦ Average time spent by patients in intensive care  ¦ Average recovery time after surgery  ¦ Average condition of patients upon discharge  ¦ Change in patient condition between admission and discharge  ¦ Number patients per staff member 3. Using the steps in the table in the case discuss how each might apply to FCGH. To answer this question, one must remember that the product provided by FCGH is health care. However, it must also be remembered that the hospital’s staff (nurses, physicians, lab technicians, etc. ) are the suppliers of that service. Thus, quality of service will depend a great deal on the staff—their motivation, attention to details, morale, level of caring, etc. Quality to the Customer:  ¦ Is conformance of the service provided compared to established quality standards? Is quality of the hospital’s health are service compared with that of competitors? Quality Costs:  ¦ Have the costs of quality been measured and have possible areas for cost savings been identi? ed? Design Review:  ¦ Do procedures exist to review patient treatment for quality? Are these procedures being carried out? Product Quali? cation:  ¦ Have procedures been established and followed to qualify new treatme nts before they are used on patients? Product Liability:  ¦ Has each treatment been scrutinized regarding safety and are appropriate records kept? Does a written plan exist for dealing with major problems regarding patient? Process Capability:  ¦ Has the effectiveness and risk of each treatment been measured, and is that information used in selecting treatments? Incoming Inspection:  ¦ Is incoming material inspected? Are staff members evaluated before being hired? Are records of these evaluations kept? Supplier Quality:  ¦ Are suppliers and staff members made aware of their quality responsibilities? Are records kept on nonconformance? Process Control:  ¦ Has the hospital developed policies for controlling treatments and lab tests? Have employees been trained to follow these policies? Inspection and Test Planning: Do inspection and test plans exist for all services provided and are records maintained on the results? Are all test procedures and equipment regularly checked for accuracy? Quality Performance Indicators:  ¦ Are quality performance indicators regularly published throughout the hospital and made available to employees? Employee Involvement Program:  ¦ Are employees involved in quali ty improvement through some process such as quality circles? Multifunctional Quality Improvement Team:  ¦ Has a quality improvement team covering all functional areas been established to monitor quality work and to work o improve it? Quality Business Plan:  ¦ Has quality been integrated into the hospital’s business plan—and from there into the overall strategic plan? 4. How can the value of a human life be included in the cost of quality control? Placing a cost on a human life is, of course, dif? cult. However, even companies that manufacture goods must deal with this if there is the possibility that a defective product could result in death. In a hospital setting death is always a possibility due to unforeseen complications or adverse drug reactions. The best approach for FCGH may be to follow whatever policies and rocedures will produce the least chance of patient death. 5. There are certain parallels between the evaluation of health care quality and educational quality. How are customer surveys used to evaluate the quality of teaching at your institutions? How are the results used? Are any other measures available to assess educational quality? What improvements would you suggest to the current system? Teaching evaluations are the â€Å"customer surveys† of education. They are used by faculty and administrators to improve curriculum and teaching methods, to evaluate faculty performance, and to bestow teaching awards. There is general agreement, however, that student evaluations of teaching are insuf? cient assessments of education quality in and of themselves. Students may give high marks to teachers based on personality, lax administration of the class, or the level of dif? – culty of the course (easy grades). Further, how can students (who are just learning) judge whether the appropriate material is being taught? On the other hand, the student perceptions should not be ignored. A professor who is very knowledgeable about a subject, but who cannot communicate that knowledge is of little use to the educational process. Therefore, in assessing educational quality, multiple measures of performance should be used, including:  ¦ Teaching evaluations completed by students  ¦ Peer evaluations by faculty  ¦ Surveys of employers  ¦ Surveys of alumni  ¦ Ranking of departmental performance by other deans or industry  ¦ Placement data  ¦ Overall student evaluations based on assessments of total curriculum, rather than individual courses or teachers. QUALITY CLEANERS This case can be used to address several issues and objectives:  ¦ All employees throughout the process must be involved.  ¦ Employees must be accountable for the quality of their work. In service organizations, determining the attributes that de- ?ne quality service, and the corresponding question of how to measure quality can be dif? cult, but must be done,  ¦ The student should have suf? cient understanding of SPC to determine when, where, and how it should be applied.  ¦ Small increases in prevention and appraisal cost wi ll result in large decreases in total cost of quality.  ¦ Records are kept to maintain accountability of the employee to determine bonuses, additional training required, or possible dismissal. Another problem area identi? ed would include quipment (cleaning machine, presses) not functioning properly. These records would also indicate areas where future improvements should be directed. Given below are some points that should be included in the case analysis. 1. Inspections should occur throughout the process with each worker checking his or her work and previous activities also. The astute students will also recognize the capability of using the customer as an inspector. When the garment(s) is brought into the store, the customer should be asked if there are any spots or stains that may require special attention, repairs eeded, special requests, etc. Getting this information from the customer will greatly increase the probability that the service provided meets the customer’s expectations. The counter person and the marker should be checking the garments closely for foreign objects, rather than leaving this for the cleaner, because this has the greatest potential dam age in terms of dollars and dissatis? ed customers. A load ruined by an ink pen would impact 10–20 customers and cost several thousand dollars in claims. 2. Allow for some student creativity. Possibilities would include he counter person, marker, and assembler initialing the ticket at a designated point. The cleaners and pressers could use special shaped (circle, square, triangle, etc. ) punches to punch the identi? cation tag pinned in the garment. Another option would be for the cleaners and pressers to use small plastic tags (as sometimes seen on bakery items) placed on the hanger. Whatever the solution, it should achieve the objective of accountability and require limited time and supplies cost. 3. The additional workload must be tracked over time. Time consumed must be matched with the number of complaints.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Mexican Peso Case Study Essay

1. Take a look at Mexico’s balance of payments over the past few years. Use the schedule I have attached to the case – it is in the same format as we used to examine the U. S. balance of payments. What do the trade and current account balances suggest about the likelihood of a potential devaluation of the peso? Why? a. It suggests that because Mexico is importing twice as much as they are exporting that there is a strong chance that the peso will lose value to counter the constant increase in imports. It is also important to point out that the exports in 1974 and 1975 are practically the same. The current account balance is negative 4 billion U. S. dollars which is 4 times larger than it was in 1972. All this leads me to believe that the peso needs to be devalued in order to raise the amount Mexico exports. 2. What does the private capital account suggest about the need for a devaluation of the peso? Why? a. The private capital account is a positive 3 billion which indicates that there are a lot more imports than exports suggesting that Mexico is either borrowing a larger portion of money or selling some of its assets. Consequently there is a need for the devaluation of the peso. 3. What does the private transactions balance suggest about the valuation of the peso and whether a very large devaluation was imminent? Why? a. By looking at the private transactions balance it suggest that there was not a dire need for a very large devaluation because it is a positive 172 million where as it has been no larger than 222 million and no smaller than 39 million. That is not to say that the peso did not need to be devaluated however. 4. Take a look at Exhibit 5 in the case – Mexico’s international reserves. What has happened to Mexico’s total foreign exchange reserves since 1970? How would you interpret this trend in terms of evaluating the strength or weakness of the peso in the foreign exchange market? Would you conclude that the peso was likely to be substantially devalued from this data? Why? a. With a gradual increase in Mexico’s total foreign exchange reserves since 1970 it looks like they were preparing for the devaluation of the peso for some time now. The increase in reserves is them trying to prevent or delay the devaluation. From just this data alone however I would not believe that the peso is at risk of being devaluated. 5. Take a look at Exhibit 7 and the forward discounts on the peso versus the dollar. On June 18, what did the market think the peso was likely to do over the next three months? On August 27, what did the market think the peso was likely to do versus the dollar over the next three months? Between June and August, what was the market saying about the magnitude and/or probability of a devaluation of the peso over the next three months? a. On June 18th it was believed that over a 3 month period that the peso would depreciate 20% vs. the U. S. dollar and on August 27th it was believed that the peso would only depreciate 9. 08% over the same time frame. During that time frame the market thought there was a less and less chance that the peso was going to get devaluated. 6. Look at the commercial bank lending rates to prime borrowers in Exhibit 8. Based on these nominal prime borrowing rates, would you expect the peso to appreciate or depreciate against the dollar and by how much? Why? a. If using the December 1975lending rates, the peso would depreciate against the dollar by 5. 9% because Mexico’s interest rate is nearly twice as high as the United States’. 7. What should be the PPP Mexican peso/U. S. dollar exchange rate based on price level changes in Mexico and the U. S. between 1954 and 1975. Given your calculation, is the Mexican peso reasonably valued at the new exchange rate of MP20. 5/U. S$? Briefly explain why. a. The PPP for the Mexican peso/U. S. dollar exchange rate should be MP13. 29/$ and I believe that the new exchange rate is too high, especially when compared to the 13. 29 PPP. Another reason to believe that it is not reasonable is that looking at exhibits 5 and 7 indicates that the peso may not have needed to be devaluated much at all considering the increase in Mexico’s reserves and the decrease in the forward discount from June to August. 8. Suppose the Mexican government had decided not to devalue the peso. What would have been some of the economic and financial policies it could have implemented to defend the currency? How would these policies affect employment and income levels in Mexico? a. Financial policies that could have been implemented would be to limit the number of imports and/or raise import taxes and loosen up their taxes on corporations to encourage new business in Mexico. It would raise employment while having a positive effect on income levels compared to if the peso was devaluated. 9. Please evaluate the future of the peso based on your answers to the above questions as well as the following information: (1) Oil production is likely to come on stream shortly and oil is priced in the world markets in dollars. (2) Foreign oil companies will be making substantial investments in Mexican oil fields. (3) The Mexican government will be able to control inflation. a. The future of the peso is going to look bright because they are increasing jobs by having companies invest in their oil fields. Although other countries will be making money so will Mexico. Since the dollar will be stronger than the peso, the money being made off oil would be equal to more pesos since it was devalued. This will increase exports and since they are able to control inflation it gives them greater control