Monday, September 30, 2019

Poetics in 330 BC. Shakespeare

Plays have been written ever since Aristotle discussed the origin and function of theater in his famous treatise Poetics in 330 BC. Shakespeare, William the supreme English poet and playwright, recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists. He was also the first person to have a script for his plays, macbeth is thought to be the first, written in 1606 and published in 1623. As the play unfolds, Macbeth's ambition causes him to change his nature towards evil.At the beginning of the play, Macbeth was portrayed as a courageous soldier who fought for his King without mercy. But once the witches planted the seeds of greater things and Lady Macbeth fuelled his ambition, which lead him to become greedy and power hungry. What is ambition? Ambition is described as eager for success, power or fame. For Macbeth. Ambition was what drove him to become great, it forced him to change his nature towards evil. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth was portrayed as a courageous soldier who fought for his King without mercy. But once the witches planted the seeds of greater things and Lady Macbeth fuelled his ambition, which lead him to become greedy and power hungry. Macbeth was led down to an unescapable road of doom by an outside force, namely fate in the form of the three witches. There was no supernatural force working against Macbeth, which therefore makes him responsible for his own actions and inevitable downfall. Macbeth is indeed responsible for his own actions, which are provoked by an unwillingness to listen to his own conscience, the witches, and his ambition. The witches tempted Macbeth with their prophecies, which made Macbeth ¡Ã‚ ¦s heart and mind slowly filled with ambition and his huger for power. The witches predicted, at the beginning of the play, that Macbeth would soon become the Thane of Cawdor and eventually the outright King. They tell Macbeth this, simply to ignite what would finally end up being a burning desire for success. Lady Macbeth then help Macbeth by inserting ill thoughts into his mind, and provided suggestions as to how to become King. At first, Macbeth rejects the horror in his mind but eventually he succumbs to evil for his ambition is far too great. The effect of the witches on the action of the play can be summarised by these words:  ¡Ã‚ §while the influences of the Witches' prophecies on Macbeth was very great, but it was quite clearly shown that it was only an influence and nothing more ¡Ã‚ ¨ (from a book called Macbeth Analyse). What I want to say was that Macbeth was just morally weaker than other normal human beings such as Banquo, who have very little ambition, Macbeth should been more responsible for his own actions and not blaming his downfall on the witches and his wife. Thanks to Lady Macbeth who acts as a ruthless, overpowering woman who dominates her husband and his actions. She makes Macbeth's decisions for him without giving him any say in his own actions, and she orders her husband to do what she determines to be best for him. It was Lady Macbeth who contrives the plan to kill King Duncan, because she knows that Macbeth would never commit such an act on his own without her prodding. At this present stage, Macbeth still has a conscience and he was very hesitant about killing the King but his weak nature over powers his conscience. Throughout the entire play Macbeth had by many imagination due to his guilt. Like seen the vision of the dagger, the ghost of Banquo, his vivid imagination and his constant worries also provokes him, this showed that he still has a conscience. This was also evident in his terrible dreams, which gives the solid theme that he has indeed â€Å"Murdered sleep†. Macbeth's personnel ambition and his insatiable lust for power drives him to his downfall. Although Macbeth's ambition was not in itself evil. Macbeth ¡Ã‚ ¦s new knowledge, which he obtained from the witches, makes him uncomfortable, as he realises the implications. His first thoughts considering murdering Duncan appeared, and he was scared. But his ambition, his desire for power over comes his fear, for him to pursue the murder. After he commits the murder, Macbeth Say,  ¡Ã‚ §The voice cried  ¡Ã‚ ¥sleep no more ¡Ã‚ ¦ to all the house  ¡Ã‚ ¥Glamis ¡Ã‚ ¦ hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more; Macbeth shall sleep no more. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Knowing that has committed such a vile act makes him uncomfortable. It will be difficult to act innocent and to deal with his guilt. However when he reaches the kingship, his ambition grow like never before, with his new found power, Macbeth begins to gain strength which he never before possessed. He starts to take charge of his own actions, and Lady Macbeth loses control of him. He no longer needs her to make his decisions for him. This becomes evident, as he planned the murder of Banquo and hired the murderers himself without consulting his wife at all. In fact, Lady Macbeth urges him to forget what has happened in the past and move on. Macbeth, however, with his new sense of control, refuses to submit to her command. He goes on with his plans to kill Banquo because he was the only one that know about witch ¡Ã‚ ¦s prophecies other than himself and his wife, he was also scared that his later generations will become king at the same way that he become king (murdering Duncan). He later decides to kill Macduff's family as well, because he had decide from now oh he ¡Ã‚ ¦ll act whatever his heart told him to. Lady Macbeth was no longer involved in the decisions of Macbeth's life, decisions over which she formerly exercised total control. She was left behind with no part in his life, as Macbeth heads off with new plans of his own. Towards the end of the play when Lady Macbeth went insane and kills herself but still unable to remove the â€Å"damned spot† When she died, Macbeth shows some good which may have been. He wishes for a normal life for which he would have lived to an honourable age but he realised that can ¡Ã‚ ¦t be done. Even when Macbeth hears that the prophecy has become true of Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane, he rejects this idea and fights on until he realised that Macduff wasn ¡Ã‚ ¦t born in a natural birth but instead was â€Å"Untimely ripped† from his mother ¡Ã‚ ¦s womb. When Macbeth hears of this he realises what he has done and how the witches tricked him, he was absorbed in his own ambition and can not pull out of it. He realise it was too late so he fights on only to be slain by Macduff. Macbeth was a virtuous man, corrupted by power and greed. His ambitions led him to treason, murder and brutal killings by ordering the deaths of individuals, including his friends. The witches, to some extent are responsible for these temptations, as they had the power to provide temptation and to induce wrongful doings. His ambition grew within his head until his thirst for power caused him to lose it all to the blade of Macduff ¡Ã‚ ¦s sword It is my opinion; Macbeth is by no means but a butcher. Unfortunately his great ambition destroyed him and his relationship between his wife, friends (Banquo) and King Duncan. He was simply tempted by the witches to commit these acts with the only motive being personal glory and achievements. Usually, when not being manipulated, Macbeth was a good, loyal and courageous man, who was held by others of the community, in high esteem.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Essay on My Son the Fanatic Essay

After several terrorist attacks, society have focused and learned a lot about Islamic extremist, Jihad and countries of the Middle East in general. Almost every day the news contains stories about how orthodox Muslims and al-Qaeda recruits young promising students to fight the suppression of Muslims all over the world. This is also the issue which is talked about in this short story: â€Å"My son the fanatic† by Hanif Kureishi. Ali is one of those promising students. He got straight A’s and was remarkable at cricket, swimming and football, had lots of friends and a lovely girlfriend. He was completely integrated in the English society. Then suddenly he becomes an orthodox Muslim and gives all of his belongings away, possibly because he is the â€Å"type† of Muslim who believes that only by neglecting the material world you are a true Muslim, or it’s because all of those things is a symbol for the western world which he is trying to escape from. Ali also changes his attitude. He disperses with his friends and his girlfriend and begins to talk harsh and disrespectfully towards his father Parvez. He and his father used to be like brothers, â€Å"We were not father and son – we were brothers! (P. 194 l. 14-15) They used to talk about everything but after Ali’s â€Å"transformation†, it’s really awkward when they are together. Parvez takes Ali to a restaurant and tries to break the silence but Ali was extremely reluctant to talk and started lecturing Parvez on all his wrongs in life according to the Koran. He no longer talks to Parvez as his father but like he is somebody that he must convince to become a Muslim. Parvez is the father of Ali. He is born in Pakistan but is now a taxi driver in England. He loves living in England is completely integrated in the western culture. He does everything he can to create a normal life for his family. He works a lot to give Ali a first-class education. However, Ali drops out of school and Parvez is bothering his head about it. He talks to his friends about and they concludes that he must be taking drugs, however, after a few days with that theory, he finds out that Ali has become an orthodox Muslim, it consequently breaks Parves’ heart. Parvez isn’t Muslim but believes that you should live your life the way you want to, but still respect others. He believes that if you would like some pork or a drink you should be allowed to have it. This and his friendship with the brass Bettina clash with Ali’s orthodox belief. Parvez has the amazing ability to see something good in everyone. Even when Ali disgraces him at the restaurant he still believes in the good in him. Bettina is one of Parvez’ regular customers due to being a brass and therefore working late, when Parvez like to work. She is an extremely good friend of Parvez and he can talk to her about things he wouldn’t even discuss with his wife: â€Å"he could talk to her about things he’d never be able to discuss with his own wife. (P. 195l. 1-2) Nevertheless Bettina is, for Ali, a symbol of everything that is wrong about the western society. Ali might also think that Bettina has something with his father that his father doesn’t have with his mother. Bettina also helps Parvez trough the tough times when he don’t know what is going on with Ali. I think the reason that the writer has chosen a prostitute to be the wise one is to show how Parvez can see something good in everyone, even those who you see as the bottom of the society. The ending drastically shows how frustrated and powerless Parvez is feeling. He has no idea of what to do. Everything he has worked for is just tossed out the window. To sum up the themes of this short story it’s all about clash of cultures. We have the western culture which we see in Bettina and Parvez meeting the Islamic culture which is represented by Ali. It also takes up the theme about the relationship between father and son, and furthermore how a father’s expectations can make a son go the opposite direction.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Practices in Psychology Essay

Cultural bias is one of many biases to be found in psychological research. If you look at different research studies in Psychology then you will see that the majority of that research has been carried out in Western society and has been applied to the rest of the world not recognising that there might be differences. Most British and American studies have used samples of participants from their own cultures, and usually students. This means that not only can the results not be applied to other cultures and the rest of the world, but they cant be applied to anyone who isnt a student. Psychology is therefore guilty of an imposed etic, trying to explain the behaviour in one part of the world, e. g. Indonesia, with theories and research that has been developed in another, America. Culture bound syndromes are a clear area of psychology where culture bias is present. Culture bound syndromes are disorders which have been first described in and closely linked to a particular area, group of people or part of the world. Although there are many â€Å"culture bound syndromes† that have been found, are they really mental instability. Just because our culture finds that the Chinese way of greaving is slightly strange does that mean they are suffering from a mental illness? Diagnostic systems are also full of culture bias. If someone is having a conversation with a dead relative in our culture, then according to the DSM (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) that person is mentally ill, but if this was in Africa, where talking to dead relatives is considered normal behaviour, this assumption that the person is mentally unstable is not appropriate. As the each country is becoming more multi-culturally attitudes need to change. Culture bias will probably always be present in Psychology and its reasearch as no one can be both English and Indian and Chinese. This could lead to some people (if they are wanting to go to the extreme) considering it to be racist. More cross-cultural research is needed. As then we can compare different cultures to our own, rather than generalising inappropriate reseach that doesn’t apply to all cultures and creating a wrong impression.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Cause and effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Cause and effect - Essay Example It negatively affects a child’s health and well-being. It is a serious condition, which causes many heath problems as well as psychological problems for the children not only in their childhood but also in the adulthood. Lack of self-confidence is one of the major psychological effects of obesity on children. In addition, obese children do not find it easy to make friends because they are afraid of the comments that other children often pass to them. On the other hand, some of the most common health risks of childhood obesity revealed through various researches include joint pains, high level of cholesterol, heart problems, and high blood pressure. Smith (1999) states, â€Å"Obese people do not live as long as other people† (p. 5). Some other physical problems include inability to play games that require physical exertion and decrease in the stamina. There are various causes of childhood obesity. Some of the main causes include lack of focus towards physical exercises, genetics, and improper diet (Parizkova & Hills, 2005). Another cause of childhood obesity is poor nutritional habits. Researches prove that almost 45 percent of the obese children in the United States eat snacks and junk foods instead of taking a balanced diet. The poor diet choice of such children increase the level of fat in their bodies making them overweight as compared to other children of their age who take balanced diet daily. Moreover, some children like to play video games instead of playing such games, which require physical exertion. This trend in such children also leads to obesity. There exist some effective ways to control this medical problem. It can be controlled by taking balanced diet, doing physical exercises, and participating in social activities. Parents and teachers hold the responsibility to educate children about the effects of obesity to make them take balanced diet. Children should play more

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure Essay

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure - Essay Example Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the organizational structure related to the operation of Food and Beverage in the hotel lodging industry. Further, the relationship between organizational structure and process management will be analysed. According to Shock & Stefanelli (1999), hotel restaurants have traditionally been managed as a secondary function, the second largest source of revenue, with the main operation being provision of rooms with boarding amenities. A new focus on outsourcing leads to creative planning and strategic alliances with well-known restaurant brands. â€Å"Organizational structure refers to the organization’s â€Å"formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, authority, and decision making processes† (Hoskisson, 2008, p.309). When these elements of structure are properly aligned with each other and with necessary processes, the structure enables effective implementation of the organization’s strategies. Because of the diversity of services provided, the food and beverage department is subdivided into several units (Excerpt, 1999). The executive chef runs the food production or kitchen department, and is a very important person of authority in the organizational structure. Various culinary specialists responsible for different aspects of food preparation report to the executive chef. A separate department, headed by the assistant food and beverage director is responsible for the actual serving of food in the restaurants of large hotels. The food service section includes the individual restaurant and outlet managers, maitre d’ hotel, waiters, waitresses, and other help. Based on the special concerns and duties related to room service in large hotels and lodging facilities, a separate subunit is designated for the purpose. Similarly, separate departments may be responsible for the sale of alcoholic beverages,

Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisation - Essay Example Thus, with the dynamics that the human beings portray, consistency is not only incompatible, but impossible. Still, there is a need for statutes to be there. Only in regular amendments, adjustments and constant evolution is the key to the supremacy and existence of human beings, which will allow a person to better understand what the environment is all about. Accounting and governing require a certain amount of skill, just like any other profession in the world. This skill needs to be learnt, acquired and sought, through a gradual process of grooming and training. Anybody who lacks this skill is henceforth deemed unsuitable for the task. Thus, he deduces that since people make the decision in management, they at large are not skilled in the profession of accounting within a statutory environment. The lack of skill in the people who ascertain the course of governance hence renders management as an irrational choice for accounting. It might be argued that experience, might and organizational skills are essential for the accounting class. For if one lacks these traits, then controlling the population of an organization would be a sore-some task, let alone managing the budget and rations. Skill is not as important as is getting the trust of the employees. It is ironic, that if one goes for a part-time job in a grocery store, they ask for experience and expertise, but nobody asks for the same when a ruler is to be elected! The concept of majority is a more generalized concept, and cannot be left at the whims of individuals. Universal good, though is not clearly defined, yet it exists as unison. It is only for a person to explore the same in appropriate conditions and circumstances, whereby the true inner persona of the individual will come out. In the context of helping others, this is a very important stance, the fact remains,

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

1111786 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

1111786 - Essay Example In addition, the language records great reliability, leading to its robustness. Its widespread application in computers, cell phones, cards, and other devices also emphasize its importance as a programming tool. Therefore, in comparison to other computing languages, java possesses more benefits that the current society needs to rely on for further advancement. In comparison to other technologies, java accounts for an enormous portion of the growth of many internet based businesses, since its introduction in 1995. It serves as the most popular programming language worldwide as millions of people utilize it in different types of computer applications. In relation to C++ and visual basic, java records greater developer demand, making it the de facto language for most web-based services. More to these, most institutions use java in their introductory courses, which means that java possesses more demand compared to other languages. Many java advantages account for the high demand. The C++ language and other similar languages, for example, require one to write a code that explicitly releases memory for other programs to access it. Failure to write this code or writing the code wrongly leads to the development of memory leaks that slows the programs. Consequent to this, the operating system gets to run out of memory and the computer stops working. On the other hand, one does not need to release memory explicitly. Java allows memory to be freed automatically when no longer in use. This emanates from the java virtual machine that consists of a special process, known as the garbage collector. The process determines which data is still be ing used, thus maintaining it in memory, and which data is no longer in use, thus deleting it. Therefore, the java technology provides its users with a better system compared to other programming technologies. The java language also offers a high level of safety to its users compared to, such languages as C or C++. This follows from the

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Critically assess whether a criminal justice system based on Essay

Critically assess whether a criminal justice system based on resolution and restoration would be more effective than the one based on punishment - Essay Example They need a second chance because many have not received even a first chance. Additionally, rehabilitation is by far the best option for them because of the way they would almost certainly be exploited and turned into hardened criminals if sent to prison. This paper will provide further background to the issue of rehabilitating juvenile offenders, and strongly argue that it is the right approach. The justice system fulfills an important symbolic function by establishing standards of conduct. It formally defines right and wrong for citizens and frees them from the responsibility of taking vengeance, thus preventing the escalation of feuds within communities. The system protects the rights of free citizens by honoring the principle that individual freedom should not be denied without good reason. Rehabilitation has as its objective the return of offenders to the community as cured and viable members of society. The rehabilitation efforts of the 1980s and 1990s were to a large extent unsuccessful. No program appeared to be any more effective in changing criminals than any other program, so a sizable portion of the people released from prison continued to return (Murphy 49). This led many to conclude that the best, and possibly only, alternative was simply to remove offenders from the community, precluding any further vexation and exploitation by them. Since criminals are though t to be more likely to commit crimes than those never convicted of a criminal act, it follows that some benefits will be derived from incarcerating convicted criminals. Incapacitation has the greatest potential as a method of crime control if it is a few hardened criminals who commit most crimes. If they can be identified, convicted, and incarcerated for long periods, a significant reduction in crime would be realized. Most advocates of punitive reform have this perspective on the criminal population. Blame for the majority

Monday, September 23, 2019

Movie reivew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Movie reivew - Essay Example This paper will analyze the episode that is titled Secrets of the Koran which is a part of the show that called Decoding the Past. To begin with, it would be quite important to provide an accurate account of the major themes of the Quran as they were presented in the episode. The first one that was mentioned in the chronological order is the desire to achieve the social justice. Indeed, at the present moment the people who actually comprise the intended audience of this show consider Islam to be a religion that almost enshrined the social inequality as well as oppression of women. However, the episode suggests that from the very beginning Islam was aimed at the groups of people who dominated the society and did not allow it to develop in the proper manner. In addition to that, a considerable number of scholars would prove that one of the highest virtues of Islam is closely connected to social justice (Gorder 20). Another interesting theme that was emphasized in the video is the war and violence in the Quran. The producers claim that a certain part of this sacred book is largely dedicated to fighting. Indeed, there are some verses which are called sword verses that clearly dictate a true Muslim how they should treat an enemy: fearlessly and fiercely in fight and mercifully after it (Smith and Furnish 77). In spite of that, the above mentioned verses are often recited without any context and they are thought to be aimed at the rest of humanity. The authors of the video suggest that this can be easily explained by the historical context in which the book was written: the newly founded city of the early Muslims was under attack of a powerful enemy and the conflict was primarily triggered by the differences in faith. The next theme of the Quran that was reviewed in the movie is the theological foundation of this religion,

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Israel from Palestinian territories Essay Example for Free

Israel from Palestinian territories Essay Egypts was in support of the Declaration of Principles treaty as they interpreted it to be supportive of their ideologies ion what would bring a lasting peace to the Middle East. The fact that the declaration transferred power over west bank and Gaza was in accordance with Egypts belief that the withdrawal of Israel from Palestinian Territories was the key to a lasting peace (Brown, 2004). Egypt thus responded by doing what was expected of it during the agreement as they believed that the declaration would bring a lasting peace if both sides kept to their side of the bargain. The Declaration of Principles required Egypt to help the two nations in cooperating so as to achieve the peace that was longed for in the Middle East. Egypt also supported the declaration as it included maintenance of security though by only Israel. Egypt has always believed that security was vital for peace hence supported by helping provide police officers and passports to the Palestinian citizens as was required by the agreement. Countries such as Iran, Israeli Settlers and Syria did not participate in the agreement as they did not believe that the peace would last. Others thought that the agreement was a threat to them and did not want it to succeed. Most of these nations also are Islamic and view Jews to be a threat to their religion hence were hesitated in supporting the peace talks. Most groups believe that DOP process stopped in 2000 which could be true as the events that are currently happening violate the agreements made. Egypts foreign policies are also committed to ensuring that a lasting peace which is comprehensive can come to the Middle East. It does so by being involved actively in the efforts that that can achieve the peace. Egypt for example was the first Arab nation to sign a peace treaty with Israel, a move which caused Israel to be expelled from the Arab League (Embassy of Egypt, 2009). The treaty required Israel to completely withdraw and retreat from Sinai in 1979 in exchange for peaceful normal diplomatic relations according to which Israeli honoured and withdrew. The two countries have since then had good diplomatic relations that are peaceful (Embassy of Egypt, 2009). Egypt believes that peace can only come to the Middle East if the efforts being made are comprehensive at making Israeli withdraw from the Palestinian territories it has been occupying that prevent the creation of an independent Palestine. Egypt also believes that Israel has to recognize and respect Palestines political rights in the controversial Jerusalem. Egypt has therefore been at the forefront in constantly assisting the partners negotiating in the peace process towards applying the Israeli withdrawal for peace to be achieved (Embassy of Egypt, 2009). Egypt also believes that it is possible for stable peace to be achieved between Israel and Palestine if mechanisms can be adopted that would ensure that security is maintained by both parties so that one party can not take advantage of its economic and military superiority to attack the other party. Egypt proposes the region to be freed from weapons of mass destruction in order to enhance security and reduce attacks on each other (Embassy of Egypt, 2009). Egypt further explains that a framework that would ensure regional cooperation needs to be established as it would enhance peace stability and benefit the individuals in the region. As discussed above, Egypt believes that there is possibility for potential future peace agreement which may be solely between Israel and the Palestinian because the disruption of peace in the entire Middle East is attributed to the conflict between the two nations. The conflict between Israel and other Arab nation is also a result of the conflict between it and Palestine. Solving the conflict between Israel and Palestine thus is the answer to bringing peace in the Middle East. Egypt advocates for peace between the two nations and want it be such that security is maintained in the two nations and that they are both disarmed of any weapons of mass destruction. Egypt believes that it is lack of security and presence of the weapons that encourages the two nations to attack each other. Egypt also advocates for the establishment of a framework as discussed earlier that would enhance cooperation between the two nations towards promoting peace stability that will be beneficial to the people I n the region (Brown, 2004). If a peace conference was held today, Egypt would still support a peace deal between the two nations. Egypt supports a two state solution just like the United States does (Asharq Alawshat, 2009). This is because Egypt believes in bringing a comprehensive and lasting peace to the Middle East. Following the most recent attacks on the Gaza strip by Israel which left hundreds of Palestinians dead, and the persistent occupation of Israel in areas that are rightfully Palestinians, Egypt would want a peace deal to be reached in which Israel must retreat and withdraw from occupying these areas so that Palestine can become an independent state as it was before the Israel occupation of its territories (Asharq Alawshat, 2009). Egypt will not accept either Israel or Palestine to own weapons of mass destruction as this would easily trigger another conflict in the event a peace agreement was reached. This is so as to stop the two nations from carrying on attacks and bombings on each other. Egypt would also not accept the deal if Israel did not withdraw from the Palestinian territories it currently is occupying. Egypt would offer diplomatic support as it always has in reaching a peace deal between the two nations (Brown, 2004). Egypt would be ready to act as a mediator between the two nations as they negotiate as it has good relations with both of them. Egypt believes that Israel should recognise Palestines rights regarding Jerusalem, during the peace conference, it would advocate for the recognition to be included in the terms of the final peace deal as Jerusalem is important to Palestine just as it is to Israel. Egypt wants a lasting peace in the Middle East and would do everything it can to help achieve it. Word count: 1500. References Al-Azmeh, A. (1993). Islams and Modernities. New York: Verso. Asharq Alawshat. (2009). Latest News. Retrieved 109th May 2009 from, http://www. asharq-e. com/. Breasted, J. Piccione, A. P. (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. Chicago, Illinois : University of Illinois Press. Brown. C. L. (2004). Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers. New york, NY : I. B. Tauris. Embassy of Egypt. (2009). Political System. Derived 19th May 2009 from http://www. egyptembassy. net/.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Study Effectiveness Of Nebulization Improving Childrens Respiratory Status Nursing Essay

Study Effectiveness Of Nebulization Improving Childrens Respiratory Status Nursing Essay Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data and testing of research hypothesis using those data. Interpretation is the process of making sense of the result and examining their implication (Polit, 2004). Analysis is the method of rendering qualitative data meaningful and providing intelligible information, so that the research problem can be studied and tested, including the relationship between the variables. The study was conducted among children with wheezing to compare the effectiveness of nebulization with oxygen and without oxygen in improving their respiratory status. The data was collected, assembled, analyzed and tested and the findings based on the analysis are presented in this chapter. 4.1 Demographic Variables of Children with Wheezing: The age of the children with wheezing ranged between one month to five years. Out of this, 8 (16%) children were between the age group of one month to one year, 17 (34%) were between 1-3 years and 25 (50%) were between the age group of 3-5 years. Majority of the children were males (62%) and female children were 38%. 34 (68%) children belonged to nuclear family whereas 16 (32%) children belonged to joint family. LPG was used as the cooking fuel in all (100%) the houses (Table 4.1). 4.2 Family History of Smoking Habits: In nebulization with oxygen group, 5(20%) children had the family history of smoking habit. For majority (4) of children, grandfather was the person who smokes and for one child father was the smoking person. In nebulization without oxygen group, fathers of 3(12%) children smoke in the family (Table 4.2). 4.3 Family History of Respiratory Diseases: 5 (20%) children in the nebulization with oxygen group had a family history of asthma, out of which one person is on regular treatment. In nebulization without oxygen group, 5(20%) children had a family history of asthma and 3(12%) had a family history of COPD, out of which one person is on regular treatment (Table4.3). 4.4 History of Respiratory Diseases in Children: With regard to previous history of respiratory diseases, majority (64%) of children had wheeze associated lower respiratory infection (WALRI) in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 15 (60%) children had WALRI, .6 (24%) children had hyper reactive airway disease (HRAD) and 3 (12%) children had asthma in nebulization with oxygen group , whereas in nebulization without oxygen group,7 (28%) children had asthma and 3 (12%) had HRAD (Table.4.4). About the onset of respiratory diseases, 14 (56%) children developed respiratory diseases before 1year of age and 5 (20%) children developed between the age group of 1-2 years in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 10 (40%) children developed before 1year of age and 7 (28%) children developed between 1-2 years of age (Table.4.4). Regarding the duration of the disease, 14 (56%) children had the duration of disease less than a year and 6 (24%) had the duration between1-2 years in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 11 (44%) children had duration of less than 1 year and 8 (32%) had the duration between 1-2 years (Table.4.4). With regard to the regularity of the treatment, 3(12%) children in the nebulization with oxygen group and 6 (24%) children in the nebulization without oxygen group were on regular treatment. All these children were using inhalers. Majority of the children (66.66%) were using a combination of salbutamol -fluticosone inhaler in both groups and the rest (33.33%) were using asthalin alone (Table.4.4). 4.5 Immunization History: All the children (100%) in both groups were completely immunized. 4.6 Pre assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: The initial assessment of respiratory rate of children in nebulization with oxygen group showed that 6 (24%) children were in mild distress, 6 (24%) children were in moderate distress and 13 (52%) children were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 20 (80%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 5 (20%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air).In the initial assessment of wheezing, 12 (48%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 13 (52%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration.The assessment of retraction showed that 16 (64%) children were normal, 8(32%) children had intercostal retractions and 1 (4%) child had intercostal and substernal retractions..In the initial dyspnoea assessment, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.5). 4.7 Pre assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization without Oxygen Group: The initial respiratory rate assessment of children in nebulization without oxygen group showed that 10 (40%) children were in mild distress, 8 (32%) children were in moderate distress and 7 (28%) children were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 22 (88%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the initial assessment of wheezing, 17 (68%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 8 (32%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. Initial retraction assessment showed that 18 (72%) children had intercostal retractions and 7 (28%) children had intercostal and substernal retractions. In the assessment of dyspnoea, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.8 Implementation of Therapies among Children with Wheezing: 4.8.1 Administration of nebulization with oxygen: Nebulization with oxygen was provided to 25 children with wheezing who were prescribed for Combimist nebulization in the OPD. Nebulization was provided by the staff nurse for a period of 15-20 minutes. Children who were on treatment prior to the nebulization were not included in the study. Assessment was done before and after nebulization with oxygen. 4.8.2 Administration of nebulization without oxygen: Nebulization without oxygen was provided by the staff nurse to 25 children with wheezing who were prescribed with Combimist (Salbutamol+ Ipravent) nebulization in the OPD. Nebulization was provided for a period of 15-20 minutes. Children who were on treatment prior to the nebulization were not included in the study. Assessment was done before and after nebulization with oxygen. 4.9: Post assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: 4.9.1 Post Assessment at 5 Minutes: In the post 5 minutes assessment of respiratory rate of children in nebulization with oxygen group,1 (4%) child reached normal ,7 (28%) children were in mild distress,5 (20%) children were in moderate distress and 12 (48%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 4 (16%) children reached normal saturation, 17 (68%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 4 (16%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Wheeze assessment showed that 1 (4%) child became normal, 13 (52%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 16 (64%) children were normal, 8 (32%) children had intercostal retractions and 1 (4%) child had intercostal and substernal retractions.In the dyspnoea assessment, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.5). 4.9.2 Post Assessment at 10 Minutes: In the post 10 minutes assessment of respiratory rate of children,1 (4%) child reached normal ,8 (32%) children were in mild distress,7 (28%) children were in moderate distress and 9 (36%) were in severe distress. Assessment of oxygen saturation revealed that 13 (52%) children were having normal saturation, 11 (44%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 1 (4%) child had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 10 (40%) children were relieved from wheezing, 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 4 (16%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. Assessment of retractions showed that 21 (84%) children became normal, 4 (16%) children had intercostal retractions.In the dyspnoea assessment, 22 (88%) children were having no dyspnoea and 3 (12%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.9.3 Post Assessment at 15 Minutes: Post 15 minutes assessment of respiratory rate showed that 5 (20%) child reached normal ,5 (20%) children were in mild distress,9 (36%) children were in moderate distress and 6 (24%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 17 (68%) children reached normal saturation, 8 (32%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 12 (48%) children were relieved from wheezing, 12 (48%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 1(4%) child was having wheezing on entire expiration. The assessment of retractions revealed that 23 (92%) children became normal, 2 (8%) children had intercostal retractions.Dyspnoea assessment showed that 23 (92%) children became normal and 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.9.4 Post Assessment at 30 Minutes: Post 30 assessment of respiratory rate showed that 11 (44%) child reached normal, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, and 4 (16%) children were in moderate distress and 3 (12%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 19 (76%) children reached normal saturation, 5 (20%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 1 (4%) child had moderate desaturation. In the assessment of wheezing, 14 (56%) children were relieved from wheezing, 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. The assessment of retractions showed that 24 (96%) children became normal, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment revealed that 23 (92%) children reached normal and 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.10 Post assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization without Oxygen Group: 4.10.1 Post Assessment at 5 Minutes: Post assessment of respiratory rate showed that 11 (44%) children were in mild distress, 8 (32%) children were in moderate distress and 6 (24%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 1 (4%) child reached normal, 21 (84%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air).Assessment of wheezing showed that 2 (8%) children became normal, 15 (60%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 8 (32%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 19 (76%) children had intercostal retractions and 6 (24%) children had intercostal and substernal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment showed that 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.2 Post Assessment at 10 Minutes: Post 10 minutes assessment of respiratory rate revealed that 4 (16%) children reached normal rate, 10 (40%) children were in mild distress,7 (28%) children were in moderate distress and 4 (16%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 7 (28%) children reached normal, 15 (60%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Assessment of wheezing showed that 16 (64%) children became normal, 4 (16%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 5 (20%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 22 (88%) children became normal and 3 (12%) children had intercostal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment revealed that, 3 (12%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 22 (88%) children became normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.3 Post Assessment at 15 Minutes: In the post assessment of respiratory rate,9 (36%) children reached to normal rate, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, 5 (20%) children were in moderate distress and 4 (16%) were in severe distress. The post assessment of oxygen saturation showed that 10 (40%) children reached normal, 13 (52%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 2 (8%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Wheeze assessment at 15 minutes showed that 19 (76%) children became normal, 6 (24%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 24 (96%) children became normal, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions. Evaluation of dyspnoea revealed that 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 23 (92%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.4 Post Assessment at 30 Minutes: Post assessment of respiratory rate showed that 13 (52%) children reached normal rate, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, 2 (8%) children were in moderate distress and 3 (12%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 10 (40%) child reached normal, 13 (52%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 2 (8%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 19 (76%) children became normal, 6 (24%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. Assessment of retraction revealed that 24 (96%) children had no retractions, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions.Dyspnoea assessment showed that1 (4%) child was having mild dyspnoea and 24 (96%) children became normal (Table 4.6). 4.11 Comparison of Mean Difference of Pre and Post Assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: 4.11.1 Mean Difference of Respiratory Rate in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean values of respiratory rate was 41.68 and post mean value at 5 minutes was 40.4.Post mean values at 10 minutes was 37.76, at 15 minutes was 35.6 and at 30 minutes was 32.8. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 8.88. This shows a significant reduction in respiratory rate after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of respiratory rate in nebulization without oxygen group was 36.64 .The post mean value of respiratory rate at 5 minute was 36, at 10 minutes was 34.32, at 15 minutes was 32.48 and at 30 minutes was 30.96. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 5.68. This shows a reduction in respiratory rate after nebulization without oxygen. Therefore, it can be inferred that the mean difference was high in nebulization with oxygen group comparing to nebulization without oxygen group. This showed that nebulization with oxygen is effective in reducing tachypnea among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.2 Mean Difference of Oxygen Saturation in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Oxygen saturation above 98% in room air is considered as the normal saturation level. The pre mean value of oxygen saturation in nebulization with oxygen group was 95.24. The post mean value of oxygen saturation at 5 minute was 96, at 10 minutes was 97.24, at 15 minutes was 98.08 and at 30 minutes was 98.32. The mean difference between pre and post oxygen saturation at 30 minutes was 3.08. This shows an improvement in oxygen saturation after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of oxygen saturation in nebulization without oxygen group was 95.72 .The post mean value of oxygen saturation at 5 minute was 95.88, at 10 minutes was 96.68 at, 15 minutes was 97.36 and at 30 minutes was 97.08. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 1.36. Therefore, it can be inferred that the mean difference was high in nebulization with oxygen group comparing to nebulization without oxygen group. This showed that nebulization with oxygen is effective in improving the oxygen saturation among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.3 Mean Difference of Wheeze Score in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Auscultation of normal vesicular breath sounds is considered as normal. The pre mean value of wheeze score in nebulization with oxygen group was 1.52. The post mean value of wheeze score at 5 minute was 1.4, at 10 minutes was 0.72, at 15 minutes was 0.56 and at 30 minutes was 0.44. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was1.08. This showed an improvement in wheeze score after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of wheeze score in nebulization without oxygen group was 1.32. The post mean value of wheeze score at 5 minute was 1.12, at 10 minutes was 0.56, at 15 minutes was 0.24 and at 30 minutes was 0.24. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was 1.08. This showed that there was no mean difference in wheeze score in nebulization with oxygen group and nebulization without oxygen group. Hence, nebulization with oxygen and nebulization without oxygen has similar effect in reducing wheeze score among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.4 Mean Difference of Retraction Score in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Observation of normal chest movements is considered as normal. In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean value of retraction score was 0.4. The post mean value of retraction score at 5 minute were 0.4, at 10 minutes was 0.16, at 15 minutes was 0.08 and at 30 minutes was 0.04. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was 0.36. This showed an improvement retraction score in nebulization with oxygen group. The pre mean value of retraction score in nebulization without oxygen group was 0.28. The post mean value of retraction score at 5 minute was 024, at 10 minutes was 0.12, at 15 minutes was 0.04 and at 30 minutes was 0.04. The mean difference between pre and post retraction score at 30 minutes was 0.24. This showed that there was no mean difference in retraction score in nebulization with oxygen group and nebulization without oxygen group. Hence, nebulization with oxygen and nebulization without oxygen has similar effect in reducing retraction score among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.5 Mean Difference of Dyspnoea Grade in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Grade 0 is regarded as absence of dyspnoea. In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean value of dyspnoea grade was 0.2. The post mean values of dyspnoea grade at 5 minute were 0.2, at 10 minutes was 0.12, at 15 minutes was 0.08 and at 30 minutes was 0.08. The mean difference between pre and post dyspnoea grade at 30 minutes was 0.12. This showed an improvement in dyspnoea grade in nebulization with oxygen group. The pre mean value of dyspnoea grade in nebulization without oxygen group was 0.2. The post mean values of dyspnoea grade at 5 minute was 0.2, at 10 minutes was 0.12 ,at 15 minutes was 0..08 and at 30 minutes was 0..04. The mean difference between pre and post dyspnoea grade at 30 minutes was 0.16. Hence the result highlighted that the mean difference was slightly higher in nebulization without oxygen comparing to nebulization with oxygen. This showed that nebulization with oxygen had similar effect in reducing dyspnoea grade among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.12. Effectiveness of Nebulization with Oxygen in Improving the Respiratory Parameters among Children with Wheezing through Pairedt test Analysis: Paired t test was used to assess the differences in pre and post assessments of respiratory parameters among nebulization with oxygen group. (Table 4.8). 4.12.1 Comparison of Pre and Post 5 Minutes, 10 Minutes, 15 Minutes and 30 Minutes Assessment of Respiratory Rate in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference in pre and post assessment of respiratory rate in nebulization with oxygen group. t = t5min = =2.67 t10min = =5 t15min = =7.89 t30min= =12.94 The calculated values of t at 5,10,15 and 30 minutes are 2.67, 5, 7.89 and 12.94 respectively which are greater than the tabulated value at p

Friday, September 20, 2019

Advantages And Disadvantages In Hospitality

Advantages And Disadvantages In Hospitality Hospitality management is both a field of work and a field of study. In the work sense, it refers to management of hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and other institutions in the hospitality . As a field of study, it refers to the study of the hospitality industry and its management needs. People who are interested in careers in hospitality management may opt to pursue it as a field of study so that they can start their careers on solid footing.The hospitality industry is vast and very diverse. Any time people travel, stay in a hotel, eat out, go to the movies, and engage in similar activities, they are patronizing establishments in the hospitality industry. The management of such establishments is very challenging, as managers need to be flexible enough to anticipate and meet a wide variety of needs. They must also handle tasks such as training employees, handling staff, setting standards, and so forth. Question 1 Define the term Hospitality Industry and give examples, advantages and disadvantages of their use in the hospitality industry. Answer Question 1 Hospitality industry is one of the largest industries in both global and national contexts. Hospitality industry is service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, theme park, cruise line, event plan and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Button_hide.pngadditional fields within the tourism industry. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, etc.), management, marketing, and human resources. The hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The industry is divided into sectors according to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include accommodation, food and beverage, meeting and events, ga ming, entertainment and recreation, tourism services, and visitor information. Examples Accommodations Hotels Motels Restaurants Bars Cafes Nightclubs Public houses Restaurants Travel and Tourism Airline Cabin Staff Travel agents Top of Form Bottom of Form Advantages Advantage in the hospitality sector is that there are a lot of entry level positions available. These junior roles can provide candidates with the relevant experience that is vital to career progression within the industry. Some of these roles include jobs like restaurant assistants, Junior Chefs, Receptionists, Bar Staff and Hotel catering staff. These roles offer the potential to progress into management if you work hard and show that you have the necessary skills and experience to take on more responsibility. Moreover, if you do decide to try a new role there is great deals of transferable skills that can be used across several different job roles in the hospitality industry. Employees working in this industry will also have to be prepared to work fairly long hours in some roles in order to prove themselves. For example Chefs and restaurant managers have to work long and sometime unsociable hours. Another advantage to working in the hospitality sector is jobs are available all ove r the country and they are not area specific. Obviously there is a large amount of appealing jobs available in London but there are hotels, restaurants and pubs all over the country. Therefore unless you specifically want to work in the hospitality industry in London then you will not have to relocate to get the job you want. Advantages Hospitality : everywhere, every city in the world requires a tendency for this sector and some G.K. a nice presentable personality a good team work meet new and new people, even they have something in common they want a personal touch good prospect when in the higher position recruit new people and train them mix with similar people like event management etc, dont be driven away by the limelights and glamours change to others for better pays Disadvantages The time factor is perhaps the biggest drawback to creating a blog. Blogs are easy to start but difficult to maintain. Publishing a good blog takes a significant amount of time. Of course, writing takes the most time, but you must also allow time for interacting with your readers.Related to the time factor is the risk of publishing a blog that damages your brands reputation. Fortunately, you can hedge against this by creating publishing guidelines for yourself and whoever is involved with the blog. On the other hand, it can be very dangerous to open your door to strangers for obvious reasons. For those of you who are guileless in your ways, I shall enlighten you to the ways of those that could prove to be a major threat to you if you are a hospitable, good natured person. Such people cannot help but take advantage of those who are vulnerable to them. Answer Question 2 Find out the factors that affecting travel and tourism. Explain in detail. Answer Question 2 Tour operators can be defined as providers and organizers of package holidays. They normally operate by making contracts with transport companies, airlines and hoteliers. After getting the contracts, they advertise assembled holidays. Travel agents are concerned with booking and advising customers. Travel agencies also sell travel related services and products to customers. They do this on behalf of tour companies, hotels, and airlines. Travel agents also deal with local tourists. They carry out travel arrangements for travelers. There are different types of travel agencies; they include Independent agencies, Miniples and Multiples. Tour operators and travel agents have continued to be dominant in the tourism sector. There are potential threats to travel agents to and tour operators especially in the hospitality and tourism sector. A close analysis to the travel and tourism industry shows that one of the potential threats to tour operators and travel agents is change in laws and poli cies. There are laws and policies that travel agents have to adhere to in carrying out their tasks. Every nation has got rules, laws, regulations, policies that directly affect tour guides. There is normally potential threat to tour operators when embassies give advisory policies to citizens not to travel due to factors like terrorism and bombing. When an embassy changes or advises citizens not to travel to a country due to various reasons, this becomes a threat to them because citizens normally adhere to such advice. It results to decrease in tourists and therefore their business actually slows down. Travel guides and tour operators normally help tourists to locate good hotels and tourist sites in the country. There are always instances when travel guides help tourists in locating such services but in the long run the tourists do not receive quality services. Tourists always communicate one to another and therefore this becomes bad publicity. Conclusion Cultural heritage is the essence of tourism in many destination areas worldwide. Every year, millions of people travel to view the Acropolis of Athens, the Colosseum in Rome and many other historic sites of international renown. These sites are of general interest to visitors, even though the visitors probably have no significant ties to the heritage sites that they visit. Although world heritage attractions draw large numbers of international and domestic tourists, for most foreign tourists these sites consist only a small part of a more extensive travel package. These attractions can evoke feelings of admiration, but they probably do not evoke feelings of personal attachment. Visits to historic sites are mostly motivated by the belief that such places (and the objects at these places) are linked to the remote past. In addition, millions of other people engage in travel to experience heritage of a more personal nature; most of the world s historic sites are not internationally known and only relatively few ever attract international tourists, except perhaps in combination with other relevant attractions. For every world renowned cultural attraction, there are hundreds of other not famous sites that are appreciated at a more local basis.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Green Willow(Japanese Literature) :: essays research papers

Without honor, life is meaningless. According to the folktale, Green Willow, honor is essential to an individual of Japanese decent. This tale explains what the people of this country value and how they function. As the story unfolds, so do the components that form what Japan is. The background contains the codes and classes in which they live. The plot draws our attention, however it is the elements of the culture that is taken into account. In addition, it presents a conflict that is dealt with by society everyday. That is, being distracted from our tasks. In the act of facing that conflict, good judgment should be used. The decision of the main character reveals what arises when you do not. Honor was used as evidence or a symbol of distinction in this culture. The people remained the right to preserve their good name. This code that they emphasize in their country is denominated as the bushido. An example of applying this system to their lives is in the manner of how they conform to their classes. Each person received and exalted title or rank. A samurai warrior, for instance, could not surpass the law by marrying "a [mere] peasant girl" without the permission of his daimyo. In contrast, the samurai would ask the parents for her hand in marriage and they would respond with gratitude. The warrior is "a person of too a degree for [them] to consider refusing the honor of [his] request." The hospitality of the Japanese people is also accredited in the folktale. It is not often that a person would be taken in and accommodated. Despite that common belief, the parents of Green Willow shelter and aid the samurai on his journey. This act of kindness shows that this is a nation with pure and humble intentions. It is evident in the old couples' appreciation for Tomotada's "condescending to overlook their daughter's peasant origins" and offered her as "a gift, a humble handmaid" to him. Furthermore, this tale manifested a true dilemma that our society goes up against daily. Responsibilities are supposed to come before one's own personal gain. If a person becomes enraptured in their own self-seeking task and overlook their duties, that person will eventually suffer for it. Japan regards honor as something you have to strive for. It must be earned. The main character broke the rules of his the country had already established and paid for it in innumerable ways.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Elevator History :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An elevator is a mechanism for moving people and freight from level to level in a building or any other structure. The first elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by the Archimeds. This construction was a hoist operated by ropes and pulleys. However, the first pragmatic elevator was not developed until the 19th century. Though sensible, this elevator has been modified many times throughout the course of history and is still updated with all of the new advancements in math and technology. From the start of the production of elevators through today, there have been numerous and boundless improvements made on their structure and how they operate: all due to the advancement of mathematics and technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first elevator developed was known as a manual elevator. This system of elevators used â€Å"relay logic†. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This type of elevator did not transfer people from one level to another, only cargo. *****  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators were powered by steam. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight in factories and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these elevators required a safety device to restrain the elevator from dropping if it’s supporting cable broke, and this had not been invented yet. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis designed the first safety contrivance for elevators. This device was a system involving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when the cable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam powered elevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was caused by the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was first used for people in 1857 in New York’s own ‘Haughwout’ department store. This edifice was driven by steam power: unlike the manual elevator it had the capability of transporting people from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing of elevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more types of ameliorated elevators to take the place of those already produced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This being the hydraulic elevator was the first practical elevator with semblance to those of today’s time. The concept of hydraulics is somewhat based on Pascal’s Law. This stated that pressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude. This was theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet it’s capability of advancing and Elevator History :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An elevator is a mechanism for moving people and freight from level to level in a building or any other structure. The first elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by the Archimeds. This construction was a hoist operated by ropes and pulleys. However, the first pragmatic elevator was not developed until the 19th century. Though sensible, this elevator has been modified many times throughout the course of history and is still updated with all of the new advancements in math and technology. From the start of the production of elevators through today, there have been numerous and boundless improvements made on their structure and how they operate: all due to the advancement of mathematics and technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first elevator developed was known as a manual elevator. This system of elevators used â€Å"relay logic†. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This type of elevator did not transfer people from one level to another, only cargo. *****  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators were powered by steam. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight in factories and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these elevators required a safety device to restrain the elevator from dropping if it’s supporting cable broke, and this had not been invented yet. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis designed the first safety contrivance for elevators. This device was a system involving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when the cable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam powered elevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was caused by the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was first used for people in 1857 in New York’s own ‘Haughwout’ department store. This edifice was driven by steam power: unlike the manual elevator it had the capability of transporting people from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing of elevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more types of ameliorated elevators to take the place of those already produced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This being the hydraulic elevator was the first practical elevator with semblance to those of today’s time. The concept of hydraulics is somewhat based on Pascal’s Law. This stated that pressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude. This was theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet it’s capability of advancing and

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Ranbaxy Laboratories

| Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. | | â€Å"Personally, I feel that companies who constantly innovate to provide better products and services and who can offer superior value propositions to the consumer are the ones likely to command more respect globally than others† Malvinder Mohan Singh, former CEO and MD, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd Table of Contents Executive Summary5 The Company5 Hybrid Business Model6 Porter’s Five Force Analysis7 Bargaining Power of Buyers8 Bargaining Power of Suppliers9 Threat of New Entrants10 Threat of Substitutes11 Threat of Rivalry12 Value chain analysis13Inbound logistics13 Operations13 Outbound logistics13 Sales and marketing13 Service14 Procurement14 Technological Development14 Human Resource Management14 Firm Infrastructure14 VRIO Analysis16 Internal Analysis- A Resource Based View16 Factors Leading to Growth18 Strategy18 Business-level Strategy18 Focus on Differentiated Products18 Corporate-level Strategy20 R&D in Ranbaxy20 NDDR – A sep arate Entity Decentralization20 First Mover Advantage20 Information Security and Information Synergy21 Acquisitions21 Agreements and Collaboration22 Recommendations22Medium term Strategy (5-7 years)23 Long term Strategy (10-15 years)25 References26 Exhibit27 I. Market Share27 II. Market Structure & Herfindahl-Hirshman index27 IV. Market Forecast31 V. Competitor Analysis31 VI. Ranbaxy Financials32 VII. Pharmaceutical Industry Future33 VIII. Conservation of energy and its impact37 Executive Summary Product patent regime implemented in India from Jan 2005 compelled Indian pharma companies to relook in to their marketing strategies so as to become competitive & strongly withstand in the competition with MNC’s & big giants in domestic markets.Product patent regime posed Indian pharmaceutical companies to change their strategies. If the Indian companies wanted to withstand in competition & survive, they have to invest more in the R&D for development of New Chemical Entities (NCEâ⠂¬â„¢s). Before patent regime, with the help of reverse engineering & process patent companies were enjoying copying MNC’s molecules & introducing their own brands & investing less in NCE’s. The rapid growth of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry was sponsored by the non-recognition of product patents for drugs under the Indian Patent Act, 1970.However, the case reversed with the advent of signing of the TRIPs agreement. This change ensured that firms should reorient themselves for R&D-based innovation to survive. This would enable them to compete in regulated and open market. Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. adopted a â€Å"High-Risk-High-Returns† strategy to respond to the challenging business environment brought about by the introduction of the new patent regime. But the financial health of the firm was affected severely by the increasing expenditures on risky R&D and patent challenges with inadequate returns.High cost acquisitions in foreign markets and setting own manufacturing & selling facilities abroad in order to increase its geographical presence added further to the problem. Eventually, Ranbaxy had to redefine its business model. In 2008, a strategic combination of an innovator and generic powerhouse was brought in by Ranbaxy by selling its 63. 92% shares to Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd. The study reveals how Ranbaxy adopted a new strategy every time the company confronted a new challenge in the ever so changing scenario of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.From pioneering the art of reverse engineering and becoming a cost-effective firm globally, the firm went on to become the first Indian Pharmaceutical firm to launch the first original drug developed by an Indian entity, Synriam, and reaping profits by way of para IV filings for the star-drug Lipitor. Ranbaxy made a way out through its strategies to claim its top position in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry and globally. The Company Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited is one of the India's lar gest pharmaceutical companies. It is an integrated, research based, international pharmaceutical company.It produces a wide range of quality, affordable generic medicines, that are trusted by healthcare professionals and patients across geographies. Ranbaxy is ranked 8th amongst the global generic pharmaceutical companies, and has a presence in 23 of the top 25 pharmaceutical markets of the world. The global presence of the firm encompasses 49 countries, and it has world-class manufacturing facilities in 11 countries to serve customers in over 125 countries. Ranbaxy entered into an alliance in June 2008 with Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd. The combined entity now ranks among the top 15 harmaceutical companies, globally. The strategic deal will place Ranbaxy in a higher growth trajectory and it will emerge stronger in terms of its global reach and in its capabilities in drug development and manufacturing. A detailed portfolio of company’s financial positioning and market structure is provided in the exhibits. (Exhibit I, II and VI) Hybrid Business Model Ranbaxy is working very closely with Daiichi Sankyo to extract synergies in various geographies. Ranbaxy markets Daiichi Sankyo’s brands in countries such as Romania and Malaysia.Additional resources and capabilities are also being directed towards this region. These capabilities will result in improved business performance in other markets also, like Africa, Middle East and Asia. Branded business is the core factor that differentiates Ranbaxy from most other Indian generic companies. Ranbaxy has its own teams in more than 40 countries, while many Indian companies elect to sell their products through distributors. The ‘Global Hybrid Business’ team took several initiatives during the year to leverage synergies between Ranbaxy and Daiichi Sankyo, individually and collectively.Their collaboration is maturing with time and the synergies now extend beyond marketing and cover a significant part of the pharmaceutical value chain. A manufacturing and supply framework was established between Ranbaxy and Daiichi Sankyo Espha Co. Ltd. during the year and they are working together to develop products for the Japanese market. Porter’s Five Force Analysis The analysis is done from the perspective of an average incumbent player in the industry. Overall attractiveness of industry is moderate at 3. 1 points. The key buyers are hospitals and pharmacies.The key suppliers are active pharmaceutical ingredients and clinical trial services providers. The pharmaceutical market witnesses fairly strong buyer power. Oligopsony status strengthens buyer power. The price control policies of state and private sector institutions also add to buying power, as they are the ultimate purchasers of drugs. The business of pharmaceutical companies depends vitally on obtaining high quality equipment, materials, personnel, and third-party clinical testing services. The regulators must be satisfied th at the products of new entrants are safe and effective.Pharmaceutical industry also experiences substitutes in terms of non-drug therapies and like. In addition, cheaper generic copies are substituting research based drugs as they are no longer protected by patents. Bargaining Power of Buyers Pharmaceutical manufacturers sell to drug wholesalers. These then sell on to pharmacies, or to healthcare institutions as hospitals. Most pharmaceutical products require prescription except for OTC and similar drugs. Marketing of prescription drugs is therefore heavily directed at medical practitioners.Medical condition may entail several different drug treatments leading to product differentiation and weakening buyer power. Differentiation includes efficacy, side effects, ease of use and cost-effectiveness. The reverse happens when generic copies are available. The buyer power is also increased because the ultimate source of funds for most drug purchases is a public or private-sector health in surer or similar body. Such large purchasers exert monopsony market power ad it is very common for them to use one or more specific price control strategies. In some scenarios governments may directly set drug prices, making any departures illegal.In case of reimbursements governments may set a very low price for new or existing drugs. Under reference price regimes reimbursement levels are determined by contrasting the price of a drug in therapeutic category and/or peer group countries. If therapeutic category contains generics the reference price is pushed down for on-patent drugs in the same category. If peer group countries have lower per capita incomes, a similar effect occurs. Price-volume or profit control may also exist. Beyond the stipulated amount manufacturers have to offer either price reductions or compensatory disbursement to government.Overall, industry attractiveness due to buyer’s bargaining power is moderate at 3 points. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Manufact urers of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are major suppliers to the pharmaceutical market. This forms a sub-sector of the chemical industry. Many leading pharmaceutical companies enjoy less bargaining power of suppliers due to major investments in fine chemicals manufacturing which provides a high degree of self-sufficiency. APIs are provided on a contractual basis and so pharmaceutical companies risk elevated switching costs if they think about moving their business to a different place.Sequentially, pharmaceutical companies make use of sourcing managers to diminish costs and to lessen supplier power. However chemical manufacturers can demand higher prices in case of development of new therapeutic agents as it requires sourcing of newer APIs. Most companies purchase raw materials from many suppliers thereby lessening their reliance on any one company. In general, suppliers have little differentiation as laboratory equipment and chemicals are mostly uniform. Thus companies have a many options to acquire the best quality and cost relationship, diminishing supplier power.But, there are cases requiring specialized facilities or raw materials, such as sterile processing of biological materials. These cases increase supplier power. Forward integration by suppliers is highly unlikely; however due to chemical synthesis capabilities they are ideal candidates for production of generic drugs. Recent years have seen a trend of large pharmaceutical companies producing their own chemicals to enhance profits, however smaller companies lacking the resources necessary to do this have relied on API manufacturers.Pharmaceutical companies outsource their drug testing and clinical trials to third-parties. As these trials are very important for regulatory approvals, these service providers constitute important suppliers. Overall, the industry attractiveness due to supplier’s bargaining power is moderate at 3. 28 points. Threat of New Entrants Market entry is affect ed by regulation and legal frameworks in quite a few ways. A company that wants to market its products is obliged to show that its drugs are safe and effective, to a national regulator. The Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) plays this role in India.A start-up company needs significant up-front investment which must be accessible for the time it takes to develop and test the product. It is time-consuming to meet these regulatory requirements; it may take 10-15 years to get a drug to market. According to the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), out of 5,000 to 10,000 screened compounds, only 250 enter preclinical testing, of which only 5 enter human clinical trials, and finally just 1 will be approved. Another regulatory barrier to entry is the use of restrictive formularies: only certain drugs may be listed as preferred for a specific therapeutic category.This means that non formulary alternatives can only be prescribed under special circumstances an d with prior consent from the appropriate authority, or with more sizeable co-pays from the patient. Thus the potential market for non-formulary drugs is smaller than the size of the therapeutic class market. New entrants to the market are also slowed by the strength of intellectual property protection. Overall, industry attractiveness is moderate at 3. 44 points. Threat of Substitutes As far as substitutes are concerned patients may prefer traditional remedies.Physicians may decide on non-drug treatments if they deem them more apt. Switching costs for patients are moderately low. Though, they may be more important for the final buyers, the healthcare providers. For example, presume a healthcare system reviewed the clinical data and determined that a chronic condition that is treated by drugs taken for the patient’s lifetime can be treated by a simple surgical procedure. This would be a valuable and inexpensive alternative. However, it may need more surgical teams to be train ed and more availability of operating theatres, requiring funding from the healthcare system.The attractiveness of industry due to threat of substitutes is moderate at 2. 75 points. Threat of Rivalry The general structure of the industry is reflected as near perfect competition (Exhibit II). Industry has also witnessed high growth over the years (Exhibit III) Several multinational corporations dominate the Indian research-based pharmaceutical industry, beside smaller firms as biotech players fixed on a small quantity of new products. There is some proof of consolidation, which reduces rivalry as players increase their product portfolio or geographical spread.Certain specific therapy areas may have more effective concentration. Therefore products can be highly differentiated based on their clinical effectiveness. Generic companies can be profitable by selling the same molecule at lesser price than the original. This shows that setting up good-quality manufacturing processes is not ve ry expensive. A resulting effect of this is that it is comparatively trouble-free for research-based companies to increase output, for example by licensing agreements with other companies, eliminating the need to expand their own production facilities.This tends to increase rivalry. Exiting the market is moderately easy. Many assets can be classified as ‘weightless’. For example trademarks, patents, synthetic methods, and others. These can be sold comparatively easily. Many of the production facilities and equipment and R;D will find uses outside pharmaceutical industry. Overall, industry attractiveness due to the degree of rivalry is moderate at 3 points. Value chain analysis Inbound logistics Ranbaxy has implemented various ERP solutions to minimise cost of inbound logistics. Operations CMC- Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control – Trial manufacturing of small scale API and intermediates of some of Daiichi Sankyo’s pipeline products is ongoing at Ranbaxyâ €™s manufacturing facilities. The result is huge cost savings and efficiencies for Daiichi Sakyo. * PDR- Product Development Research – Daichii Sankyo’s knowhow is being used to reduce deviation rate of products. Transfer of new drug research to Daichii Sankyo has enabled Ranbaxy to focus on generic research. * Ranbaxy achieved a total of 230 filings across markets. * Rationalization of potable water supply by operating one system instead of earlier practice of two systems. Measures for Conservation of Energy resulting in savings of 11. 71 million rupees. (Exhibit VIII) Source: Ranbaxy Files Outbound logistics The company has also focussed on cost cutting at this level to strive towards its goal of cost leadership. Sales and marketing * Ranbaxy used its strong distribution network to introduce Daiichi Sankyo’s innovator products in Singapore, Malaysia and Italy. * Marketing synergies are rolled out in India and Romania. Source: Ranbaxy Files Service * Ranbax y ensures high levels of service to distributers. Procurement To gain advantage a project related to supply chain of API and drug product is ongoing. The intent is to promote rationisation and increase price efficiency to mitigate risk. Technological Development * Anti counterfeiting system to reduce pilferage. * Flexible multipurpose manufacturing to de-risk business and utilise production capacities optimally. Human Resource Management * Daiichi Sankyo talent exchange programme to ensure cultural synergies and skill enhancement. * Rotated employees through international assignments to create global leaders. * Additional features added in PMS. Introduction of whistle blower policy. * Long term ESOPs applicable to people in 43 countries and multiple nationalities. Firm Infrastructure * Upgradation of global manufacturing capabilities to enhance capacities, efficiencies and strengthen processes and compliance. * Dosage form facility in US has been upgraded and manufacturing capacity increased. * Investment in Greenfield facility in Africa. * Plan of a Greenfield facility in Malaysia. * Setup of a dedicated facility at Paonta Sahib. * Quality compliance, quality improvement and signing of consent decree with FDA. Implemented 22 global quality standards. * Implemented enterprise wide quality management system (TrackWise, Documentum, LMS etc). The company has inculcated sufficient changes in the value chain to be in line with its hybrid policy. As the company strives to be a global leader it has made huge investments in firm infrastructure. Also human resource management has been suitably enhanced to create a culture that assists in growth. VRIO Analysis Under the hybrid business model Ranbaxy has transferred new drug discovery to Daiichi Sankyo, while Ranbaxy will take care of generic drugs.Utilising these synergies Ranbaxy has also implemented flexible manufacturing at many facilities. Resource| Valuable| Rare| Costly to imitate| Used by organisation| | Daiichi Sankyo’s R;D| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Sustained competitive advantage| Flexible manufacturing capabilities| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Sustained competitive advantage| Expertise in acquiring Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs)| Yes| Yes| No| Yes| Temporary competitive advantage| SYNRIAM a breakthrough molecule for Malaria| Yes| Yes| Yes| Yes| Sustained competitive advantage|Internal Analysis- A Resource Based View The purpose of this section is to utilize the concept of resource based approach to determine the resources and the interactions that exist among these resources leading to differential performance of Ranbaxy in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The internal analysis could be thought of as strengths and weaknesses of the SWOT framework applied to a firm. The RBV focuses on idiosyncratic and costly to copy resources, the exploitation of which may give a firm a competitive advantage. I.Assets: These refer to the ‘resource possession’. They are the factors of production that the firm may draw upon to provide valuable goods and services to the customers. They are both, tangible as well as intangible in nature. As a part of this project, these assets were identified in case of Ranbaxy, which are as follows: 1. R;D Expenditure: Firms that invest heavily in R;D are more likely trying to compete on the basis of innovativeness and technology breakthrough although high investment does not necessarily guarantee generation of successful innovation.Ranbaxy has been investing heavily in the R;D of new drugs. The ration of R;D expenses to Sales stands at 11% for Ranbaxy (2009-10) compared to the 5% industry average. 2. Marketing Expenditure: Morgan et al. (2009) find that marketing excellence do lead to superior performance. Marketing as a resource has been considered in itself to have huge potential in making a difference to the firm’s performance. Due to the venture into OTC products (Volini, Revital etc), the marketing expenditure has inc reased by 18% over 2010’s expenditure, when compared with the industry average. . Tacit Knowledge (Company’s Age): As a firm grows, with age, it develops a network of relationships with various institutional actors like government, suppliers, customers, banks and other institutions (Makhija, 2003). The stock of tacit knowledge can be only built over time as the individual learns a particular skill or as member of a group or as a team learns to interact with each other. Thus, as the company ages, the interactions build, networks build, resources build and relationships build. The company is over 50 years old and was incorporated in 1961. . Culture: Ranbaxy firmly believes in providing autonomy to their employees and in letting the employees discover their potential while working for them. Individuals are given fair bit of responsibility quite early in their careers and hence, their actions impact the business. This has resulted in a culture of entrepreneurship within th e organization. The spirit of innovation and creativity supports this entrepreneurial culture. An employee should not be part of R;D to bring about innovations. Creativity is promoted in all the parts of the organization.Genuine mistakes are considered as a part of learning and calculated risk taking behavior is encouraged. II. Capabilities: This is better understood in terms of ‘resource utilization’. Capabilities are those constituents of the firm which help exploit the resources in implementation of the firm’s strategies. 1. MD Experience: Ranbaxy is flourishing under the able guidance of Mr. Arun Sawhney who joined Ranbaxy in May 2008 and was elevated to the position of President-Global Pharmaceutical Business in January 2010. Since August 2011, he is CEO ; Managing Director.Mr. Sawhney is a veteran in industry, with international experience of three decades in the Chemical and Pharmaceutical industry. He has held senior functional and management positions pr eviously in global pharmaceutical companies like Max-Gb, Bayer India Limited and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Limited. Factors Leading to Growth The key to Ranbaxy’s growth lay in the strategic decisions taken by its management from time to time. These strategies – specific patterns of decisions and actions – helped them achieve a competitive advantage.It exemplifies how symbiotic interdependencies can be managed and harassed for the organisation’s benefit, by manipulating the specific and general environmental forces. Ranbaxy’s main strategy to manage its environmental forces seems to be through forming strategic alliances for the various products and markets. The company has followed an r-strategy i. e. the strategy of entering a new environment early, and has thus reaped the benefits of being an early entrant in new market. Strategy Ranbaxy is focused on increasing the momentum in the generics business in its key markets through organic and i norganic growth routes.It is the company's constant endeavour to provide a wide basket of generic and innovator products, leveraging its unique Hybrid Business Model with Daiichi Sankyo. As part of the Hybrid Business Model, Daiichi Sankyo will utilise Ranbaxy's strong manufacturing capabilities and expertise in developing generic medicines for the Japan and market them through Daiichi Sankyo Espha Co. , Ltd. The company will also increasingly focus in high growth potential segments like Vaccines and Biosimilars. These new areas will add significant depth to the existing product pipeline.Business-level Strategy Focus on Differentiated Products The company realized the importance of having a versatile product portfolio and thus is focusing on offering differentiated/value-added new products to the Indian masses. Ranbaxy has accelerated its pace to bring in new differentiated products in the Indian market to consolidate its leadership position. Ranbaxy is building upon the practice of related Diversification – entry into a new domain that is related in some way to an organization’s domain- to gain a competitive advantage Examples:- 1. Rank in Therapy SegmentsOver the last few years, Ranbaxy has realigned its domestic operations to the needs of its target customer groups to have a more focused relationship with the doctors. This is aimed at providing customer specific quality services surpassing expectations. By forming relationship with doctors, demonstrates that Ranbaxy manages symbiotic resource interdependencies by the way of co-optation to manage its specific environment better. 2. Entering into the Oncology Segment Since Ranbaxy did not have a significant presence in the Oncology segment, it entered into a strategic alliance with Zenotech Laboratories Ltd.Of Hyderabad, India, a company with a strong hold in this segment. 3. Strengthening presence in Asthma Segment In- Licensing agreement demonstrates that Ranbaxy makes use of the informal stra tegy of long term contracts to manage its resource interdependencies. Ranbaxy has entered into ‘In- Licensing’ agreement with Euro drug laboratories, the Netherlands-based pharma company for the Asthma product Doxophylline – a Novel Xanthine Bronchodilator. It is a strategic step in the direction of expanding the product portfolio through differentiated products for the Indian Market, in the post patent era. 4. NCE Products – India FocusRecently a licensing agreement with a swissbio- pharmaceutical company, Debiopharm, was signed for the New Chemical Entity (NCE) Drug in the Gastroenotlogy segment. 5. Strengthening Product Basket in New Markets In Canada, soon after the launch of its products in 2005, Ranbaxy is further expanding its product portfolio through in- licensing and has already emerged as a pioneer in this area. In mid 2006, Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc (RPCI) and Janssen – Ortho Inc (JOI) entered into a licensing and supply agreeme nt for a generic version of Risperidone compressed tablets, sold under Ranbaxy’s label, Ran Risperidone.Corporate-level Strategy R;D in Ranbaxy NDDR – A separate Entity Decentralization Ranbaxy received an in- principle approval from the Board of Directors to De- merge its Drug Discovery Research (DDR) operation. This is a significant step in creating an independent pathway for DDR with dedicated resources and enhanced focus for long term value building. Ranbaxy’s state-of-the-art research infrastructure and scientific talent pool can be more effectively leveraged through an independent vehicle that better aligns assets with priorities to accelerate the company’s drug discovery programs.The resulting operational freedom and flexibility will also help to open up new growth opportunities, while providing a platform for increased collaboration. By the way of Decentralization of NDDR, Ranbaxy has promoted flexibility and responsiveness by allowing the researc h department to make on the spot decisions. Ranbaxy practices division if labour and specialization by allocating dedicated resources and creating scientific talent pool to DDR. The core competency of DDR is to discover new drugs First Mover Advantage Ranbaxy saw a great business opportunity in Japan, and hence entered the market in the year 2002 through a strategic alliance with a midsized research pharmaceutical company, Nippon Chemiphar Co, Ltd (NC) of Japan. Ranbaxy owned 10% equity * The company further consolidated its presence in Japan by increasing its equity stake in the NPI, from 10% to 50% in 2006 and NPI thus became a 50:50 joint venture between Ranbaxy and NC. Information Security and Information Synergy * Information security has been a priority at Ranbaxy since 2006. ‘Operation Safed Sagar’ was initiated to protect the company’s information assets. The program is focussed on bringing behavioural change in people, sensitizing them to the importance of Information Security. By using Information Security, Ranbaxy has demonstrated that it uses IT * To make critical information accessible to employees. * To facilitate beliefs norms and values of Ranbaxy. * To enhance motivational effects of cultural values. Acquisitions * June 2005 Efarmes in Spain * March 2006 Senetek in the US * March 2006 Allen in Italy * March 2006 Terapia in Romania * March 2006 Ethimed in Belgium July 2006 Mundogen in Spain * Sep 2006 Cardinal Drugs in India * Dec 2006 Be-Tabs in South Africa In the year of 2007 alone, Ranbaxy made and acquisition of 13 established and well recognized brands of the dermatology segment from Bristol- Myers Squibb in the US. Thus Ranbaxy has aggressively adopted merger and takeover strategy for growth in newer markets. Agreements and Collaboration Agreements and Collaborations 1. Agreement with GSK Extended * Strategic alliance with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) helped Ranbaxy expand its drug development responsibilities and further fi nancial opportunities. Ranbaxy was to conduct stages till clinical proof is established. GSK thereafter will conduct further clinical development and take resulting products through the regulatory approval process to final commercialization. By forming strategic alliance with its competitor, GSK, Ranbaxy has demonstrated that it uses strategic alliance to manage its competitive interdependencies. . 2. Collaborating with DST * Under this collaboration, Department of Science ; Technology (DST) will provide financial support by way of soft loans to Ranbaxy. * The funding will enable Ranbaxy to conduct the pre clinical toxicity tudies/safety studies and take the molecules up to human phase-1 clinical trials. Recommendations Since its inception, Ranbaxy has been innovating on way to conquer the market. The strategies the company would adopt would be highly influenced by the external stimulus of the pharmaceutical industry. Following are the expectations from the Pharmaceutical Industry i n the times to come and how Ranbaxy should strategise to reap in the opportunities of the changing times. Medium term Strategy (5-7 years) Focus on increasing the scale of generic operations 1.Indian market to be at USD 55 billion with potential for more With market diversity on the rise, the drivers of the growth have proliferated and become more nuanced. Among the various drivers of the growth epidemiology factors, increasing affordability, enhanced accessibility, and rising acceptability are the most prominent (Exhibit VI). This opportunity can be fully utilized by Ranbaxy if it continues to ace its present strategy of capitalizing on generic drugs. This has to be accompanied by heavy investments in R;D for securing the leadership position in the times to come.But the cost strategy can made effective only by focussing on generics. 2. Mass therapies will remain important even though speciality therapies will increase share Mass therapies have evolved to comprise two differing oppo rtunity areas. The first which makes up the majority of the opportunity is acute indications within therapeutic areas such as respiratory and gastro-intestinal that have been traditionally treated by general practitioners (GPs) and consulting physicians (CPs). The second segment comprises older therapies in chronic indications such as diabetes, hypertension, and epilepsy.With the growing cases of both the types in India, Ranbaxy can actually look forward to organic or inorganic growth so as to be able to serve the particular area. The venture can be through differentiation or entering the market jointly by some other player. 3. Metro and Tier I Markets will drive growth while rural market will increase its share Metro and Tier I markets each account for about 30% of the Indian pharmaceuticals market. Mass therapies constitute a majority of this market. During the last 5 yrs, Metro and Tier I markets have grown at an estimated rate of 14 to 15 percent, in line with the overall market .The expectation is that the current momentum will continue and this segment will become a USD 33 billion market by 2020. This calls for a very strong distribution so as to penetrate in the rural sectors of the country. This is very important particularly in case of India wherein more than 70% of the population resides in rural areas. Low cost strategy will help the firm to gain success in the particular area. Apart from the distribution network, Ranbaxy can take the leverage of the Govt’s initiatives to expand healthcare in the rural areas. 4.Hospital channel will increase significantly in influence, though retail will stay important. Currently, as much as 80 to 85% of the market is being accounted for by the retail segment. Even in 2020, the expectation is that the retail segment will remain the mainstay of the market. However, consumption in hospital settings will rise to a considerable 20 to 30% share of the market. India will continue to witness a remarkable rise in medi cal infrastructure throughout the next decade. Not only will there be a dramatic rise in infrastructure, the nature and mix of hospitals and care delivery centres will undergo major shifts.As a result, the expectations are that the hospital segment of the pharmaceuticals market to grow at well above 20% and reach a size of USD 14 billion by 2020. The firm can leverage the opportunity by attaining the corporate-level strategy wherein the firm can get into strategic alliance so as to become the sole strategic partner to supply medicines to the hospital. More so, the firm can also get into ventures of laboratory partnerships. The laboratory collection centres needs comprehensive chain of branches across the country. The same infrastructure can be utilized to expand the retail chain of pharmacy. . Drugs worth more than 45 billion USD going off patent by 2015 Indian pharma companies have depended heavily on drugs coming off patent in the US to fuel their growth. But with the patent cliff nearing its end, they are now widening their horizon to include new growth areas. In 2012, drugs worth $ 35,514 million went off patent in the US. In contrast, in 2013, only 30 medicines worth $16,966 million are expected to come off patent and the value would fall to $ 2,952 million by 2020. Ranbaxy has won several ANDAs in the recent history, the prominent one being the ANDA of the star-drug â€Å"Lipitor†.The marketing exclusivity obtained by the company by the ANDA can help boost the profitability. Ranbaxy must continue doing to sought for more acquisitions of ANDAs so that the company can harp in the profits and at the same time build the reputation of a reliable manufacturer worldwide. Long term Strategy (10-15 years) The organisation should diversify into other revenue streams Contract Research Bio-Pharma Contract Manufacturing New Drug Development The three major segments – domestic formulations, formulation exports and bulk drug exports – have traditio nally been the backbone of the Indian pharmaceutical industry.With the generics market set to become extremely competitive in the long term (next 10 years), Ranbaxy should look to make the most of the current generic opportunity and achieve a substantial scale of operations. (Refer to Exhibit VII for Indian Pharmaceutical future forecasts. ) However, going forward, with more MNCs foraying into India and a shrinking generic market, Ranbaxy will have to increase their reach in segments such as contract research, biopharmaceuticals and new drug development (NDD). Global challenges will force the organisation to offer a whole gamut of products and services to ensure stable revenues and margins.The company can leverage its hybrid structure to achieve this long term diversification need. References 1. Barney, J. B. (1986), â€Å"Strategic factor markets: expectations, luck, and business strategy†, Management Science, Vol. 32 No. 10, pp. 1231-41. 2. Amit, R. and Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1993), â€Å"Strategic assets and organizational rent†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 33-46. 3. Morgan, N. A. , Vorhies, D. W. and Mason, C. H. (2009), â€Å"Market orientation, marketing capabilities, and firm performance†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 30 No. 8, pp. 909-20. 4. Makhija, M. 2003), â€Å"Comparing the resource-based and market-based views of the firm: empirical evidence from Czech privatization†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 433-51. 5. Cappelli, P. , Singh, H. , Singh, J. V. and Useem, M. (2010), â€Å"How the best Indian companies drive performance by investing in people†, Harvard Business Review, March, pp. 91-7. 6. http://www. moneycontrol. com/stocks/top-companies-in-india/market-capitalisation-bse/pharmaceuticals. html 7. http://www. ranbaxy. com/news/newsdisp. aspx? cp=993;flag=LN 8. http://www. crisilresearch. com 9. Marketline reports 10. Ranbaxy. com Exhibits I.Market Share Ranbaxy has a mar ket share of 4. 78 % in Indian industry. Also Company has its considerable earnings from the global markets. Region| Sales in US$ in Million| % Share| USA| 791| 41. 5| India| 412| 21. 62| Europe| 297| 15. 59| CIS| 108| 5. 67| Africa| 189| 9. 92| Asia Pacific| 108| 5. 67| Thus, Ranbaxy needs to develop their global strategy as more than 75% of its revenue is generated from their global business. II. Market Structure ; Herfindahl-Hirshman index | Company Name| Market Cap (Rs. Crore)| s (% of market Cap)| s2| 1| Sun Pharma| 84,736. 49| 23. 76| 564. 55| 2| Cipla| 31,418. 31| 8. 81| 77. 61| | Dr Reddys Labs| 30,889. 01| 8. 66| 75. 02| 4| Lupin| 27,046. 65| 7. 58| 57. 52| 5| Wockhardt| 22,623. 49| 6. 34| 40. 24| 6| GlaxoSmithKline| 17,896. 05| 5. 02| 25. 18| 7| Ranbaxy Labs| 17,042. 95| 4. 78| 22. 84| 8| Cadila Health| 15,200. 53| 4. 26| 18. 17| 9| Divis Labs| 13,754. 59| 3. 86| 14. 88| 10| Glenmark| 13,726. 38| 3. 85| 14. 81| 11| Piramal Enter| 9,951. 71| 2. 79| 7. 79| 12| Ipca Labs| 6,3 95. 77| 1. 79| 3. 22| 13| Torrent Pharma| 5,839. 88| 1. 64| 2. 68| 14| Biocon| 5,439. 00| 1. 53| 2. 33| 15| Strides Arcolab| 5,409. 10| 1. 52| 2. 30| 16| Sanofi India| 5,345. 52| 1. 50| 2. 25| 17| Aurobindo Pharm| 4,796. 25| 1. 4| 1. 81| 18| Pfizer| 3,150. 36| 0. 88| 0. 78| 19| Abbott India| 2,953. 23| 0. 83| 0. 69| 20| Jubilant Life| 2,942. 72| 0. 83| 0. 68| 21| Sun Pharma Adv| 2,655. 82| 0. 74| 0. 55| 22| Unichem Labs| 2,115. 98| 0. 59| 0. 35| 23| Wyeth| 1,914. 96| 0. 54| 0. 29| 24| Novartis India| 1,885. 05| 0. 53| 0. 28| 25| AstraZeneca| 1,884. 75| 0. 53| 0. 28| 26| Alembic Pharma| 1,869. 14| 0. 52| 0. 27| 27| Fresenius Kabi| 1,863. 13| 0. 52| 0. 27| 28| FDC| 1,690. 56| 0. 47| 0. 22| 29| Ajanta Pharma| 1,558. 75| 0. 44| 0. 19| 30| Natco Pharma| 1,358. 77| 0. 38| 0. 15| 31| Claris Life| 1,198. 18| 0. 34| 0. 11| 32| Merck| 1,048. 25| 0. 29| 0. 09| 3| Panacea Biotec| 907. 74| 0. 25| 0. 06| 34| JB Chemicals| 703. 92| 0. 20| 0. 04| 35| Elder Pharma| 676. 49| 0. 19| 0. 04| 36| Hikal| 628. 01| 0. 18| 0. 03| 37| Shilpa| 625| 0. 18| 0. 03| 38| Dishman Pharma| 599. 98| 0. 17| 0. 03| 39| Indoco Remedies| 576. 4| 0. 16| 0. 03| 40| Orchid Chemical| 566. 79| 0. 16| 0. 03| 41| Plethico Pharma| 453. 26| 0. 13| 0. 02| 42| Shasun Pharma| 444. 3| 0. 12| 0. 02| 43| Vivimed Labs| 416. 49| 0. 12| 0. 01| 44| Nectar Life| 386. 85| 0. 11| 0. 01| 45| TTK Healthcare| 375. 52| 0. 11| 0. 01| 46| Sequent Scienti| 373. 44| 0. 10| 0. 01| 47| Sharon Bio Medi| 369. 76| 0. 10| 0. 01| 48| Aanjaneya Life| 357. 1| 0. 10| 0. 01| 49| Fulford| 288. 62| 0. 08| 0. 01| 50| Parenteral Drug| 279. 62| 0. 08| 0. 01| |   | 3,56,630. 63|   | 938. 78| The above data indicated the Market Capitalization of the top 50 pharmaceuticals companies. The Herfindahl index 938. 78 indicates that the pharmaceutical industry in India is low concentration and thus highly competitive industry. The high number of companies represent monopolistic environment, but market represents an Oligopolistic nature with top 8 fir ms having a market share of nearly 70% (69. 21%, Eight firm concentration ratio). Sun Pharma is the largest firm in the Indian industry with 23. 6% followed by all others with market share less than 10%. Thus we can conclude that Indian pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and fragmented at the bottom. III. Market analysis The Indian pharmaceuticals market has achieved strong, double digit growth for the 2007 – 2011 periods. The market is expected to maintain this level of robust growth from 2012 through to the end of the forecast period in 2016. The Indian pharmaceuticals market had total revenues of $12. 3 billion in 2011, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17. 6% between 2007 and 2011. The performance of the market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 17. % for the five-year period 2011 – 2016, which is expected to drive the market to a value of $27. 3 billion by the end of 2016. Year| $ billion| % Growth| 2011| 12. 3| 15. 3| 2010| 10. 7| 1 7. 6| 2009| 9. 1| 18. 9| 2008| 7. 6| 18. 9| 2007| 6. 4| | | | | India pharmaceuticals market value: $ billion, 2007–11 Market Share Company| Market Share (%)| Cipla Ltd. | 4. 1| Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. | 3. 6| Lupin| 2. 7| Dr. Reddy’s | 2. 3| Others| 87. 3| India pharmaceuticals market share: % share, by value, 2011 IV. Market Forecast In 2016, the Indian pharmaceuticals market is forecast to have a value of $27. billion, an increase of 122% since 2011. The compound annual growth rate of the market in the period 2011–16 is predicted to be 17. 2%. Year| $ billion| % Growth| 2011| 12. 3| 15. 3| 2012| 14. 2| 15. 4| 2013| 16. 7| 17. 6| 2014| 19. 7| 17. 8| 2015| 23. 1| 17. 7| 2016| 27. 3| 17. 8| V. Competitor Analysis Dr. Reddy’s $ million | 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| Revenues | 1,067. 40| 1,482. 30| 1,500. 20| 1,594. 40| 2,065. 00| Net income (loss) | 82. 1| -110. 3| 22. 8| 235. 7| 304. 4| Total assets | 1,828. 00| 1,788. 60| 1,714. 70| 2,028. 00| 2,550. 40| Total liabilities | 817. 2| 891. 1| 798. 7| 1,046. 30| 1,324. 20|Key Ratios Ratio | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012| Profit margin | 7. 7% | (7. 4%) | 1. 5% | 14. 8% | 14. 7%| Revenue growth | (22. 2%) | 38. 9% | 1. 2% | 6. 3% | 29. 5%| Debt/asset ratio | 44. 7% | 49. 8% | 46. 6% | 51. 6% | 51. 9%| Return on assets | 4. 5% | (6. 1%) | 1. 3% | 12. 6% | 13. 3%| Cipla Limited $ million | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012| Revenues | 926. 0 | 1,134. 7 | 1,219. 6 | 1,371. 0 | 1,521. 1| Net income (loss) | 149. 7 | 165. 8 | 230. 9 | 205. 0 | 239. 9| Total assets | 1,223. 7 | 1,422. 0 | 1,560. 2 | 1,835. 1 | 1,995. 9| Total liabilities | 422. 1 | 493. 9 | 298. 5 | 412. 1 | 365. 3|Key Ratios Ratio | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012| Profit margin | 16. 2% | 14. 6% | 18. 9% | 15. 0% | 15. 8%| Revenue growth | 15. 3% | 22. 5% | 7. 5% | 12. 4% | 10. 9%| Debt/asset ratio | 34. 5% | 34. 7% | 19. 1% | 22. 5% | 18. 3%| Return on assets | 13. 8% | 12. 5% | 15. 5% | 12. 1% | 12. 5%| Lupin Limit ed $ million | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012| Revenues | 612. 8 | 822. 0 | 1,031. 4 | 1,242. 1 | 1,511. 9| Net income (loss) | 87. 2 | 107. 1 | 145. 5 | 184. 1| 185. 2| Total assets | 718. 0 | 857. 5 | 1,085. 6 | 1,307. 3 | 1,693. 6| Total liabilities | 444. 9 | 550. 3 | 532. 0 | 595. 9 | 821. 6| Key RatiosRatio | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012| Profit margin | 14. 2% | 13. 0% | 14. 1% | 14. 8% | 12. 2%| Revenue growth | 40. 4% | 34. 1% | 25. 5% | 20. 4% | 21. 7%| Debt/asset ratio | 62. 0% | 64. 2% | 49. 0% | 45. 6% | 48. 5%| Return on assets | 14. 5% | 13. 6% | 15. 0% | 15. 4% | 12. 3%| VI. Ranbaxy Financials $ million | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012| Revenues | 1,585. 1 | 1,582. 6 | 1,621. 7 | 1,912. 8 | 2,169. 1| Net income (loss) | 125. 1 | (203. 0) | 63. 3 | 319. 5 | (619. 0)| Total assets | 2,008. 2 | 2,830. 8 | 2,594. 3 | 3,022. 9 | 3,605. 6| Total liabilities | 1,410. 0 | 1,899. 4 | 1,655. 8 | 1,812. | 2,726. 8| Key Ratios Ratio | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012| Pr ofit margin | 7. 9% | (12. 8%) | 3. 9% | 16. 7% | (28. 5%)| Revenue growth | 23. 2% | (0. 2%) | 2. 5% | 18. 0% | 13. 4%| Debt/asset ratio | 70. 2% | 67. 1% | 63. 8% | 60. 0% | 75. 6%| Return on assets | 6. 5% | (8. 4%) | 2. 3% | 11. 4% | (18. 7%)| During the year 2011, the Company resolved its legacy issues with U. S. Food and Drug Administration (â€Å"FDA†) and signed a Consent Decree with FDA in which the Company committed to further strengthen its procedures and policies to ensure data integrity and to comply with current good manufacturing practices.This is considered to be a positive development for the Company as it will provide greater clarity around the outlook for the business in the U. S. The Company has made a provision of Rs. 26,480 million ($500 million) for settlement with the U. S. Department of Justice, which the Company believes will be sufficient to resolve all potential civil and criminal liability. Further, due to sharp depreciation of rupee foreign excha nge charge of Rs. 16,584. 08 million was made during the year. The combined impact of these two exceptional items on the performance of the Company was Rs. 43,064. 08 million.Due to the above exceptional items, the Company incurred a loss (after tax) of Rs. 28,834. 16 million in the year. * The debt to equity ratio for Ranbaxy is the highest among the big 4 pharmaceutical companies in India (refer to appendix for competitor figures). * The company’s average return on asset has been considerably lower than that of the other top players in the industry (refer to exhibit V for competitor figures). * While the company’s sales have picked up the constant less than expected return on asset will be a cause for concern for the investors. VII. Pharmaceutical Industry Future Medium termManufacturing opportunities for Indian players to remain upbeat * Increasing no. of drugs going off patent and decline in R;D productivity among the large global players provides an immense potent ial for Indian formulation and bulk drug players. * According to research the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is set to grow at CAGR of about 17%. * Healthy growth momentum in formulation export to continue. * Rising ANDA approvals are a testimony to India’s capability in this area, coupled with strong pipeline of ANDA approvals in the medium term. * Bulk exports are expected to witness robust growthLong term Growth in generic market to slow down over the next decade Over the last 40 years, since its inception, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has thrived on the generic model by leveraging on its process chemistry skills and low-cost manufacturing advantage. This has enabled players to tap the huge generic opportunity abroad. However, the R;D productivity of large global pharmaceutical players (innovators) has considerably slowed down over the past few years which is underscored by the declining number of new molecules (New Molecular Entities – NMEs) being approved by the US FDA each year.Taking this trend forward, the lack of new drug launches between 2010 and 2015 onwards will mean that the generic opportunity set to open up in the next decade (post 2020) is likely to be significantly lower. (assuming average age of 8-10 years of patent exclusivity) These changes in the global pharmaceutical landscape could cause a slowdown in the generics segment and hence, the Indian pharma industry will be forced to look at newer avenues for growth. * Large global players suffering from low R;D productivity.Over the past few years, R;D activities by large global players have resulted in the innovation of only a handful of new and significant molecules. Meanwhile drug development costs have escalated. The cost for developing a new molecular entity (NME) has more than doubled to $1. 5 billion over the past 5 years. During the same period, the number of NMEs approved by the US FDA continued to hover around 15-20 with an occasional rise to over 20 as seen in 20 04 and 2008. * Higher risks and lower returns: New drugs over the last two years fail to deliver.In addition to low R;D productivity, innovators' returns from novel molecules have substantially declined over the last few years. None of the new drugs approved over the past 2-3 years have been blockbusters (with sales over $1 billion) or even sales greater than $750 million. This decline in sales is primarily due to the availability of substitutes (generic as well as patented) for existing diseases. Rising emphasis on usage of generics has also steadily reduced the prescription of patented molecules. Over the past few years, off-patent drugs have been the key growth drivers in the generic market.According to research post 2020, growth in the generic market is likely to slow down to 3-5 per cent. Fewer drugs going off-patent coupled with lower prices of the patented drugs (as a result of the availability of substitutes) will be the key reasons that will result in a significantly lower incremental generic opportunity. VIII. Conservation of energy and its impact Measures for conservation of energy | Impact resulting into saving (in rs Million)| * Increase in steam to fuel ratio from 10. 2 to 11. 4 by increasing the condensate recovery| 3. 0| * Rationalization of potable water supply by operating one system instead of earlier practice of two systems| 2. 04| * Operational optimization of process air compressor by supplying air from instrument air compressor| 1. 55| * Fuel emulsification system for furnace oil to improve the combustion efficiency in boiler by 3%| 1. 40| * Installation of Solar Heating system for boiler feed water| 1. 20| * Modifications in cooling tower by replacing the fans and pumps with low energy consuming & efficient fans and pupms in old utilities for pilot plant and Lovastatin plant| 0. 9| * Flexiblity was built into the system to facilitate operation of a single chiller unit at night time| 0. 63| * Reconditioning of cooling towers resulting in bringing down the cooling water temperature by 4’C thereby improving the chiller efficiency| 0. 47| * Re-engineering of air flow in AHU’s in two production blocks thus saving energy| 0. 26| * Replacement of old window ACs with energy efficient split ACs, and installing new ACs in 2 Conference Rooms thereby avoiding operation of centralized cooling during weekend meetings| 0. 17|